Nowadays, one of the trends of information and communication networks development is the provision within the shortest time of a larger number of telecommunication services to network users. Currently, connection of subscribers to xDSL communication channels provided by public switched telephone networks (PSTN) is widespread. Providers of classic telephony make active use of these networks due to the low cost of the connection of a subscriber. An obvious disadvantage of this connection type is the limited data transfer rate. Some Internet providers rapidly develop ETTH (Ethernet To The Home) networks. The advantage of ETTH networks is the targeting of the delivery of communication services to subscribers. One of the disadvantages is the operation of a network at the Ethernet level with all typical for this protocol features. The practice of optical networking has existed for many years; however, the basic approach to optical networking is based on the use of active equipment from the access node to users. PON-based (Passive Optical Network) FTTH architecture (Fiber To The Home) is as a rule, compatible with the Ethernet Protocol. The article shows the advantages of the deployment of PON-based FTTH networks, in particular, saving of fiber-optic lines in the area from the optical splitters to the Central telephone exchange or access point by using relevant ports. The article provides the description of access networks architecture applying Ethernet FTTH and PON technologies, and also discusses the prospects for further development of the above mentioned networks.

High accuracy and efficiency indices of machining of worn-out after continuous service parts, reconditioned using materials with high physical and mechanical properties have been studied; a reconditioning technique for worn-out surfaces of parts have been presented; to restore the dimensions of some parts, thermal spraying technique without inadmissible excessive heating of the parts has been chosen, and for another group of parts the process of manual argon-arc surfacing has been chosen; some specifications of the parts of the tram, trackless trolley bus, "KAMAZ", DT-75 tractor reconditioned by means of surfacing, coating and machining are given. Theoretical analysis of the conditions of the reduction of the elastic displacement value, appearing in a technological system during mechanical processing and determining the parameters of machining precision has been performed. Machining accuracy and efficiency improving features for grinding and cutting with cutting tools of parts with hardened (wear-resistant hardfacing materials with hardness up to HRC 63) function surfaces have been theoretically substantiated; some regularities of stock removal while grinding parts reconditioned using wear-resistant hardfacing materials have been analytically described, ways to improve the efficiency of their machining involving application of the method of deep grinding with the wheel periphery with rather low parts speed have been defined. Some ways to increase machining efficiency, to reduce energy consumption of machining and thickness of the cutting by grains of the wheel, and thus the wheel wear rate are presented. By means of calculations it was found out that realizing deep grinding of facing material, machining efficiency can increase by up to 8 times (with the same cutting thickness by a wheel grain) compared with the deep grinding of a solid (homogenous) material. Significant potential for grinding parts restored using wear-resistant surfacing materials, which opens new prospects for machining of resurfaced and face-hardened parts for freight and passenger vehicles, is shown. Potential for machining efficiency enhancement of the mentioned parts with cutting tools made of superhard synthetic materials, hard alloys with wear-resistant coatings, the use of damping cutters, and diamond-abrasive grinding is specified.

The structure of a typical property accounting system and its main elements are listed and described in the paper.The basic objectives of modern property accounting systems are given. System structure and description consisting of a property items database, a property accounting regulatory documents knowledge base, a data input and updating module, an information retrieval module, a module of report preparation and making are provided. The description of each of the system components is given. The restriction of opportunities to plan activities of property maintenance, and the lack of possibilities to forecast the occurrence of critical events during the operation are decribed as some disadvantages of the accounting system. To solve the problem of property accounting and its scheduled maintenance or discarding it is proposed to supplement the system of property accounting with a module of activities planning support and a forecasting module, i.e. with a passive system of decision support for property accounting and, consequently, the provision of intelligent data and knowledge processing. It is shown that this modification of the accounting system, in addition to general problems solution, provides support for planning activities related to property items, analysis of the existing data and events forecasting. A distinctive feature of the proposed system structure of decision support for property accounting is in the fact that it provides support for planning and forecasting of events and minimizes labor costs by eliminating re-entering of dara, optimization of future costs for property acquisition, optimization of property discarding and acquisition events, minimization of a possible negative effect in case of unfavorable events.

The paper addresses the problem of optimizing the firmware algorithm of detecting and preventing computer attacks on the Internet access workstations and networking equipment. The main objective was to boost the device capacity and save data processing resources. It has been proved that existing soft products that have been developed for single thread execution architectures need to be modified. In particular the paper discusses Snort network intrusion and prevention system that initially has been made to operate on the processor single core in single thread mode. Snort core paralleling principle is based on dividing the inbound traffic into lower-speed atomic channels that are distributed over several individually runnable Snort cores as individual processes that are interconnected and can exchange information. The authors suggest the algorithm optimization way that consists in utilizing the fast shared memory to facilitate information exchange between the processes. The paper focuses on a key element in the data processing paralleling algorithm which is the balance algorithm. The proposed algorithm has been used to optimize the performance of the inbound traffic balancing unit, which increased the operation speed of the total system. A test facility has been developed to simulate and refine the constructed intrusion detection distributed system. The paper presents the testing facility structure, testing method and test numerical results. The test item was a standard traffic routed to the system input from backbone link. The research results were used to determine the dependency of the traffic processing speed on the number of cores in the system.

The paper considers the loss of structure stability as one of the most important marginal states. Though this type of limit conditions has been closely studied, there is still no agreement on their causes, hence, there is no uniform approach to defining the criteria that determine the critical state. The most popular criteria known in the structural analysis and the theory of structural stability are energy criteria of stability in the form of Timoshenko or Bryan. In the first case the analysis covers total work of all forces affecting the system at the moment of collapse. In the second the analysis deals with the system internal energy, which allows us to solve the problems considering thermal and similar effects. In spite of the simplicity of the first approach and general character of the second one, it is hardly possible to assert that they can be sufficient to cover the total scope of stability problems that may arise in engineering. The criterion of critical energy critical level permits us to formulate and solve stability problems without any limitations related with the smallness of displacements or the types of impacts affecting a system, so it can be applied to formulate boundary conditions. For better understanding of the said criteria and their illustration the paper presents some simple problems in the form of systems with lumped parameters. Structure stability criteria are studied as in case of the systems with one degree of freedom. The analysis covers the statements and solutions of stability problems in the form of Timoshenko, Bryan and the criterion of energy critical levels. These approaches are reviewed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages using the example of the model of a structure with one degree of freedom.

Process of depassivation of steel in concrete under the action of chloride corrosive environment is considered. Method of durable testing of bended reinforced concrete structures during corrosive period is described. Results of experimental research in steel reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete beams under the action of corrosive environment are described in the article. The diagram of corrosive potential changes during the testing time is given in the article. Measurements of corrosion potential were carried out by the corrosion analyzing instrument. Analysis of corrosive potential changes during the testing time was carried out. Main properties and features of chloride corrosion process and damages are considered. Corrosive pits on the surface of the reinforcement bars were studied. Measurements of depth and diameter of the corrosive pits were carried out. Stress-strain diagrams of steel after the corrosive period were obtained. Mathematical model of reduction in the cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement in concrete under the action of corrosive chloride environment is suggested. This model allows to consider effect of concrete cover thickness on depth of corrosion. Comparison of experimental results and theoretical calculations reveals high accuracy of corrosion damage definition by given mathematical model. The ways to use the model are suggested. The given model allows to consider corrosive damages of steel rebars by definition of cross-section area losses and may be used in calculations of strength and deformations of RC structures. It’s possible to use the model for prediction of the remaining strength life of RC structures.

Agricultural machines engaged in crop production, are used in cycles, and short-term from mid-spring to mid-autumn, and the rest for long periods in storage. The article deals with improving the reliability and extending the service life of machinery and equipment for agricultural purposes. Improving the reliability of machines and equipment of agricultural purpose is achieved by preventing metal corrosion during the long storage and the term of use is performed by maintaining and controlling the temperature and humidity of air in a sealed shelter. To prevent condensation on the surface of the equipment and the shelter is encouraged to pursue their heating infrared radiators to a temperature above the temperature of formation of the dew point. Infrared emitters installed in the air gap between object technology and a domed cover, and connected with the control unit, having in its composition sensors monitoring temperature and humidity under the cover. The uniform distribution of infrared radiation over the surface of the object storage is provided by a symmetrical placement of the sources of infrared radiation, and used as a material of the cover of insulated material with high reflectivity. The proposed method of storage of machinery and equipment limits the heat transfer between the machine and the environment. Due to the fact that a protective cover can make the desired protective properties (reflectivity, conductivity, limiting convective heat transfer) is the effect of limiting the speed of heat transfer, which avoids extreme temperatures, under which condensation may form on the surface of agricultural machines. As a material of the protective cover you can use modern insulating materials.

The article is devoted to the ecological assessment of buildings as the human environment based on the Green building conception. Authors proved the relevance of assessment of the impact of real estate as the man-made environment elements on the environment and human health. The concepts of comfort and safety of buildings and facilities for the people, which are considered as the basic category required for the formation of an effective human capital, were introduced in this article. The need to move from a traditional design and construction to the "green" was highlighted and its main objectives were marked. The actions of "green standards", which are an effective tool for environmental assessment of buildings, were described. The main objectives of the introduction of eco-standards and rating systems, and eco-certification were identified in this article. International and national standards were reviewed separately. The main criteria for evaluating the environmental performance of real estate included in the structure of various "green" standards are systematized. The structure of the existing national and international eco-standards, including Russian is reflected intuitively. Their basic features (for example, the minimum requirements for certification in one of the standards require compliance with all the criteria perfectly, and in the other - a certain set of minimum criteria) are marked, as well as strengths and weaknesses. In the article possibilities of adaptation of the most common eco-standards for use in other countries with different climatic, social, political and other features are indicated. Authors compare national and international "green" standards (including the Russian GOST R 54964-2012) in terms of their structure and composition of the main criteria for the environmental assessment of the property. The comparison highlighted basic categories common to all existing standards, as well as unique criteria inherent in this or that assessment systems. The authors also examined the application of various eco-standards and concluded that the same standard cannot be used simultaneously for residential, public and industrial buildings because the priority requirements for environmental safety directly depend on the destination of the property. The authors have formulated proposals for improvement of the Russian national ecological assessment system: the introduction of new criteria and a detailed study of existing, developing effective evaluation methodologies, the adjustment of the standard requirements depending on the destination of the property.

Tungsten-containing hard alloy wastes recycling into powder is considered to be essential nowadays. They can be parts of microns up to thousands of microns depending on powder production methods. The method of electro-erosive dispersion is one of the most promising methods of powder production using any conductive. The method of electroerosive dispersion is characterized by low energy consumption, environmental soundness and controllability. In the process of electroerosive dispersion final material composition, properties and structure change in comparison to basic material. The aim of the article is to research powder particles surface obtained by the method of electroerosive disper-sion of tungsten cobalt hard alloy wastes (BK8) in mineral colza oil. In order to recycle BK8 wastes into the powder with a high content of nanoparticles we used electroerosive dispersion system. Mineral colza oil was used as hydrau-lic fluid. The system parameters: electrode voltage - 190…210 V; energy discharge capacitor - 55 mF; repetition rate - 90…110 Hz. The shape and morphology of the particles obtained by electroerosive dispersion method using BK8 wastes in mineral colza oil were studied using scanning electron microscope «QUANTA 600 FEG». It has been observed that this powder consists of regular spherical (ellipsoid) shape particles, irregular shape particles and shrap-nel shape particles.

The role of symbols in art and computer graphics for correct plot understanding, when viewing works of art in an electronic library is considered. Special emphasis is placed on mathematical symbols, revealing abstraction beauty side in mathematics and its penetration into artistic images and the spots created by the artists. Due to computer database artist's original intention can be decoded . Based on the semantic meanings of mathematical symbols they are considered to be fundamental pillars in the art of computer graphics: the Universe, the spiritual human development, continuity and discretion, the truth in the search of solving universe problems. Human's willness to develop space implies constructive activities for peaceful purposes when developing new technologies. Analyzing the development of spatial layers by life, we conclude that the emergence of the social and ecological system is aimed to develop new tiers in evolution development, but no to remake developed lower tiers of the existing flora and fauna, and not to achieve world domination. Nature expected the appearance of a mankind for constructive activitiesties in the space exploration. This is evidenced by the activities of Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, Gagarin. Instead of developing new living spaces and living peacefully with all representatives of flora and fauna, mankind conflics destroying everything around including Itself. The notions 'chance', 'luck' acquire visial representation thanks to computer graphics in accordance with the edu-cational standards indicating certain amount of academic hours given to mathematics, including modeling, and the-oretical-probabilistic methods of research, processing of experimental results.

The article shows that moral harm compensation is very important for problem solution in legal support of favorable state of environment. This harm is done to owners and users of natural resources caused by environmental distraction. It is stated that illegal actions encroaching not only on non-material benefits but also on property right of citizens. Such actions can be a source of physical and moral sufferings. Physical and moral sufferings (moral harm) are caused by property right violations. Such sufferings connect with change of citizen property status which led to residence choice restriction; freedom movement and health deterioration. Only individuals can feel physical and moral sufferings caused by violence for non-material benefits and property. The stated argument doesn't assume moral and physical sufferings for legal entity. As a result of this there is no legal basis for moral harm compensation for legal entities. As a conclusion it is stated that recommendations for collective claims of moral harm compensation in case of ecological delict contradict "moral harm" definition. Department of moral harm compensation which was developed thanks to non-material benefits violation or property rights violation do not have necessary reflection in ecological legislation. According to this it is possible to use standards of the Civil code of the Russian Federation for moral harm compensation at ecological offenses. Negative changes of parameters can be the basis for claim statement about moral harm compensation. These parameters characterize a favorable condition of surrounding environment caused by pollution or natural objects damage. Physical and/or moral sufferings of citizens can be calculated proceeding from market difference of real estate and the land to negative impact and after its pollution or damage of natural objects.

This article contains various analysis of impact on legislation by decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. According to the author, this impact should be differentiated. It depends on whether there is challenged regulatory legal act or acts based on it or containing the same provisions that were in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation or about perspective impact on standard legal regulation development by constitutional judicial authority. There is a critical attitude to provided mechanism of decision execution made by the Constitutional Court. This assumes an obligation of public authority to repeal regulatory legal act recognized as unconstitutional. This duty puts in question decision realization made by the Constitutional Court and has negative impact on formation of legal consciousness. This article shows that in certain cases the Constitutional Court applies "delay" to force the decision on illegality norm or even abstains from its unconstitutional recognition. Such decisions are made for ensuring balance of constitutional values, inadmissibility of human rights and freedom violation which can be affected by validity loss. They are also made for stability maintenance of legal branch for legal entity benefits. As for impact by the Constitutional Court on norms similar in contents to unconstitutional provisions for universalization of legal positions the Constitutional Court carries out proceedings without hearing. In certain cases for the same purposes court of general jurisdiction can be used. This court hears cases about regulation contests realized by means of administrative legal proceedings.

This article is devoted to entity reviewing and main directions of public prosecutor's supervision over activities of preliminary investigation officials for harm compensation caused by a crime during pre-judicial criminal cases. According to the author of this article one of the directions to support rights and legitimate people interests is to give property and physical harm compensation, moral harm compensation and business reputation compensation. This direction of preliminary investigation department activities is at least important than involvement of guilty persons to criminal responsibility for the purpose of recompense assignment. Role of an investigative authority chief, chief of inquiry subdivision, investigator, interrogator and employees of inquiry department in implementation of current legislation provisions regulating harm compensation, caused by a crime during pre-judicial criminal cases is described. The author shows examples of criminal cases which were sent by the prosecutor to additional investigation according to i.2 p.1 of Art. 221 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. These cases were sent to additional investigation because of inadequate work of above-stated participants of criminal legal proceedings on ensuring harm compensation caused by penal act. The author describes some reasons which have negative impact on public prosecutor's supervision over criminal legal proceeding activities of participants for ensuring harm compensation caused by a crime. Conclusion shows that now public prosecutor's supervision over preliminary investigation activities is up to date. It has a great demand for creation of legal guarantees. These guarantees are very important for those who are the victims of criminal actions and they have all the rights for full-fledged harm compensation. Public prosecutor's supervision is an important feature for procedural prosecutors. It is directed to violation prevention in activities of preliminary investigation and inquiry departments for harm compensation caused by penal acts.

Criminal legislation concussion has various fixing forms: as a circumstance excluding crime act, as a punishment sign, as a crime sign of separate crime components. There are two types of concussion: concussion by circumstances and concussion by actions. The last always is done by a person. And it can be called criminal concussion. Such impact on other person as violence or threat, including threat of murder or causing heavy harm to health, mockeries and tortures is in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; destruction, damage or withdrawal of someone else's property or these actions threat; blackmail; use of material or other victim dependence; threat of data discrediting distribution or other data which can do essential harm to victim rights or legitimate his/her (his/her relatives) interests; bribery; persuasion; promises; deception or abuse of confidence; compulsion. The distinctive characteristic of such pressure is that criminals choos behavior seeking to avoid adverse consequences. It is possible to say that criminal concussion in criminal legislation can be fixed in such forms as threats, blackmail and violence. Persuasion, deception, deception or abuse of confidence aren’t forms of criminal concussion because victims' free will isn't limited.

The paper is devoted to the problematic issues of the legal regulation of nature protection activities in the Russian Federation. The author notes that a sharp deterioration of the ecological situation indicates a crisis of the previously existing paradigm of human-environmental interaction. Therefore, the situation requires full-scale measures within the state's environmental strategy. However, the change of the environmental state policy as a whole and the improvement of the legal mechanism of environmental relations in particular encounters a number of theoretical and practical problems, which have not been solved. The author pays attention to the problem of determining the priorities of environmental and legal protection, which is very important in the process of establishing the optimal ratio in the "human-nature" relations. The result of solving the problems influences the objectives of the state environmental policy, as well as the objectives of the Environmental Safety Strategy. The author analyzes the main aspect of the considered problem, the essence of which is ambiguity of the fundamental object in ecological relations. It is noted that today there are two points of view on this issue in the Russian legal science. According to the first one, the object of legal protection is exclusively environmental interests of a man. Accordingly, the protection of nature must be carried out exclusively in the interests of his life and health. Supporters of the second point of view believe that the nature as a whole should be a priority in legal protection. The author notes that the choice of a particular conceptual position (and, accordingly, the priority of environmental and legal protection) depends on the world outlook on the role and place of a man in the world. At the same time, problems of a technical and legal nature, connected with internal logic and subordination of legal norms regulating ecological relations worsen the situation. The author concludes that there are internal contradictions in the mechanism of legal protection of the environment.

The article deals with the institution of compulsory work applied to minors, because at present this type of punishment attracts attention of scientists and practitioners. The advantage is that teenagers who commit crimes, which are of no great public danger, have a real opportunity to improve in case they are isolated from the society. However, there are also problems of applying punishment in the form of compulsory community service work to minors. The analysis of the norms of the criminal and labor law in the part of regulating the procedure for appointing the specified punishment in relation to minors was carried out. Some interdisciplinary mismatches in this area have been identified, and possible solutions have been proposed. The question of expediency of using deductions in the amount of 5 to 20% of wages is analyzed. The opinions of both supporters and opponents of such measures are given. Some researchers believe that this provision of the law does not correspond to the principles of humanism, the differentiation of criminal responsibility and punishment. They suggest setting a maximum retention threshold of 10%. Scientists also discuss duration of this measure of punishment. In addition, the author draws attention to the problem of applying compulsory community service work to minors who study at school or institution of higher education. The paper highlights the problem of changing the punishment in case of malicious evasion of compulsory or corrective service work. At present, they can be replaced only by imprisonment. However, part 6 of Art. 88 of the Criminal Code establishes a ban on the appointment of liberty deprivation to a minor convicted person who committed a crime of small or medium gravity for the first time at the age of sixteen, as well as to other juvenile convicts who committed crimes of minor gravity for the first time. Therefore, it is not always possible to replace the corresponding punishments for imprisonment even if a teenager refuses to perform compulsory or corrective service.

The paper is devoted to consideration of criminal responsibility for armed crimes. The author speculates about main differences of the terms "weapons" and "weapons", stressing the importance of increasing the effectiveness of preventing crimes committed with the use of weapons. In order to maximize the disclosure of the content of these concepts, the author conducts their grammatical and formal legal analysis. Particular attention is paid to the tendencies and orientations of courts at the federal and regional levels in assessing the objective and subjective features of armed crimes, in particular Art. 111, 112, 115, 126, 127, 162, 206, 211, 213, 227, 313 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and others. Much attention is payed to the definition of the legal status of inappropriate, decommissioned, collection weapons and items withdrawn from civil circulation (kisteni, knuckles, shuriken, boomerangs, etc.). On the basis of the analysis of judicial practice, the author reasonably points out the impossibility and inexpediency of their recognition as a weapon in the criminal legal sense of the word in view of the absence of either a legal or constructive sign of arms established in Federal Law No. 150-FZ of December 13, 1996 (as amended on 06.07. 2016) "On the weapon". The paper studies the concept "apply" in comparison with the concept "use", which are close in meaning. Based on the criminal-legal and grammatical assessment. The author concludes that the using weapons means the objective possibility of its application in real life. The applying of weapons is the direct implementation of the constructive properties of weapons (shot production, striking, etc.).

The paper discusses the current problems of the Russian environmental law related to the need of improving the mechanism for the legal regulation of environmental activities in the Russian Federation. The authors emphasize importance of environmental problems and need for serious systematic work of state bodies, as well as participation of civil society to solve them. The need for an organizational and legal framework, which should be the foundation of all nature protection activities, is noted. Analyzing the state of environmental legislation, the authors conclude that, despite a large number of regulatory acts, the environmental and legal mechanism of the Russian state is not entirely effective. Justifying their position, the authors focus their attention on technical, legal and theoretical problems of the mechanism of legal regulation of nature protection activities. Among the existing problems, the authors highlight systemic problems of environmental legislation, the essence of which is the duplication and absence of internal unity of regulatory material. The reasons for this are chaotic work of the legislator and the lack of a single long-term plan for his work in the field of environmental protection. In addition to the above-mentioned problem, there is another problem of interpretation of such terms as "environmental safety", "ensuring environmental safety" and " environmental protection". All have been well analyzed. The need for resolving these issues for the practice of environmental activities, as well as their academic significance, is explained. The paper presents doctrinal points of view, as well as the author's position on the causes of some debatable issues in the scientific environment. The authors propose a solution. The features of the legislative consolidation of the terms of "environmental protection" and "ensuring environmental safety" are noted. According to the authors, it does not contribute to the development of a unified opinion on their correlation and creates the prerequisites for further discussions. In general, the authors conclude on imperfection of the legal mechanism regulating relations in the sphere of environmental protection.

The article gives an analysis of the term "production concentration", explains the interdependence of concentration and specialization in the field of agricultural production, justifies the application of "production profitability" indicator to assess the scale positive effect in the industry through the analyses of the changes over the thirteen-year period 2002-2015.To achieve the research objectives it has been decided not to use value levels to avoid time incompatibility. The article is devoted to the research of absolute production concentration changes in the agricultural field of the Kursk region in the context of microzones, industries brunches and sub-brunches. The author has used the grouping method, correlation-regression analysis and time series analysis. Moreover variability indicators have also been applied. . Regional agricultural enterprises were grouped according to the micro-zones: south-western, north-western, eastern and suburban. The study was conducted taking into account the largest agricultural sub-brunches which are of greatest importance for the regional economy: grain production, sugar beet production, oil production (sunflower, soybean, rape), dairy and beef cattle, pork, sheep and poultry production. The most significant results of the study are represented in graphic form. These are the graphs that enable to track the indicator changes in three angles (coor-dinates): the number of enterprises, enterprise scale (by industry), time. Thus, the graph simultaneously shows how the number of enterprises has changed with the passing time and how the average scale of the industry changes over time. Then, the comparisons of the values achieved in the microzone section and inter-branch comparisons are made. It was concluded that in most agricultural branches of the Kursk region, the increase in production scale was accompanied by the increase in production profitability and, consequently, there is a positive effect of production scale. Support at federal, regional and local levels is required to create enabling environment for further business scale growth in the leading agricultural sub-branches.

The article analyzes the formation of the public budgets of Latin American countries in the case of Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Peru, as well as the effectiveness of the implementation of government programs, contributed to the chronic underfunding, financial instability and external debt increase, since in modern conditions, government financing, aimed to achieve results and high parameters of final results must take into consideration target programmes quality development and improvement, their justification, and implimentation assessment indicators. This study reflects budgetary expenditures in Latin American countries, characterizes state and municipal management and it is considered to be one of the conditions for the social well-being through such indicators as the level of budgetary resources provision and the amount of GDP used and produced per capita. The implementation of the budgeting concept,aimed to achieve results is related to the creation of budget expenditure performance monitoring system, core activities results reports of budget planning entities, the transition to a multi-year budget planning. The article offers beneficial cooperation with the Russian Federation as one of the directions for LAC financial situation improvment, based on the similarity of political views on the issues of a multipolar world, the strengthening the national sovereignty and collaboration in the economic and oil and gas spheres, which will contribute to reduce inflation, individual incomes increase. It will help to make national financial systems more resilient to external threats.

During periods of geo-economic and geopolitical instability in the conditions of aggravation of relations between Russia and the West an objective assessment of socio-economic development alternatives is needed with the objective of establishing an effective competitive national economy, agreeable to standards of modern realities inclusion into the system of world economic relations, aimed at import replacement and strategic security of the state. In our view, theories and concepts are necessary for the development of import substitution as an important condition of economic safety maintenance of the country and its regions. According to Russian scientists they are a significant factor for stable and sustainable innovative development of the specific site, increase the likelihood of sustained development of country economy and its regions and make a significant contribution to the development of the regional economy. The state has many effective tools for influencing the market and the business to optimize economic growth, redress imbalances of socio-economic development of territories. The government is interested in ensuring economic, food supply and financial security of the country. In the framework of import substitution policy regional authorities have the opportunity to create and implement various incentive schemes of import substitution process. The process efficiency depends on the management system construction of import substitution in the region. It shows a clear need for the study of the role and importance of regional regulation of import substitution. Management of regional economy should be based on the understanding that import substitution is a development resource. It is the perception concept of import substitution process that should be the basis for a new regional economic policy in Russia, focused on modernization and innovative development of its non-oil sector and rational use of resources. The article provides the definition of "import substitution", measures aimed to implement the import substitution process in the Kursk region and characteristics of regional import substitution plan submitted by the organizational and managerial model of import substitution process in the Kursk region.

The article describes modern aspects of the basic instruments application of state-private partnership in the formation of the industrial cluster in the dairy industry. It is shown that the main range of tools of public-private partnership is well established in infrastructure projects. The feasibility of using these instruments for the dairy industry is dictated by the transition to the principles of import substitution (particularly in respect of dairy products). Characteristics of legal, organizational, economic and financial tools of public-private partnerships are used in the formation of dairy industrial cluster. Legal instruments are the adoption of an appropriate legislative framework (the agreement on the establishment of the cluster, Federal and regional target programs for the development of industrial clusters, the Concept of state support for territorial clusters in the period until 2018). The formation of industrial clusters is based on several laws in the Russian Federation such as: No. 224-FL "On state-private partnership, municipal-private partnership in the RF", Federal law №115-FL "On concession agreements" and laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation on public-private partnerships (for example, from 01.06.2016 the law "On regulation of separate relations in the sphere of state-private partnership in the Voronezh region" No. 65-RL). The use of organizational and economic instruments aimed at choosing the optimal legal form that will operate the milk industry cluster (recommended non-profit partnership). It is shown that in modern conditions of market environment instability the financial instruments are of great importance, not only those which are widely distributed (e.g., blended funding), but new ones so called “pilot” tools. Such financial instruments, the author proposes to include, are the use of "deferred payments" and the use of scenario forecasting method. This method enables to carry out funds expenditure for the creation of the necessary infrastructure directly by the investor at the first stage. In this case at the next stage of industrial cluster development, expenses incurred by investor may be reimbursed (compensated) by entering in the budgets additional sources of income from the development of the territory of cluster functioning. The author's proposal is that in this case, in the accounts of the Investment Fund the financial resources for compensation of investors’ expenses can be accumulated to build the infrastructure of the cluster. The sources of additional revenues to the budget system may be additional amounts of tax paid by economic entities located on the territory of the dairy industry cluster, so we can talk about expanding the tax base caused by development of the territory. It is shown that in addition to using the tools of public-private partnership, formation of dairy industrial cluster must be done with consideration of foreign experience of functioning such clusters. The article is also attempted to highlight the main groups of risks that arise when implementing the investment project to build a dairy industrial cluster and to show the ways (tools) of the distribution of these risks between members of the cluster. The author has made the calculations for the change in funding between the major stakeholders in the dairy industrial cluster. In addition, the paper is concerned with a compensation model for the redistribution of additionally arising costs between the potential members of the dairy industrial cluster that would facilitate the use of the priority tools for the formation of dairy industrial cluster.

Economic development of society is inevitably connected to transitions of economy from one status in another. In the course of transition economic systems unite lines of the previous and new business cases. Such conversions wear both local, and universal character. One and all changes in any economic system lead to change of its structure. Development of economic systems is followed not only by absolute quantitative changes of the indices describing them, but also their relative changes relatively each other. As a result of it in system structural shifts are created. In the modern conditions of high dynamism of conditions of managing the role э controls of structural conversions of economic systems taking into account risk factor raises. The main complexity is that today there was no reliable single system for determination and preventing of risk situations because each type of activity has unique specifics and respectively requires individual approach. In each area the study of risk is based on an object of research of this branch of science and leans both on the general, and on specific approaches and methods. The purpose of operation was detection of an entity of structural shifts in the industry and methods of purposeful impact on them. For its achievement a row of research tasks is solved: the concept of structural changes in the industry is entered; it is shown that priority structural conversion of the modern Russian industry is reindustrialization; classification of structural shifts is offered and the concept "progressive structural shift" is created; the analysis of structural changes in the Russian industry and tendencies of their development is carried out; the mechanism of influence of risks on the pursued structural industrial policy is revealed; sentences on neutralization of risks by creation of standby system are developed. In a research theoretical and empirical methods, in a particular are used: review of literature, logical and systems analysis, methods of collection of empirical data, descriptions and processings of results of a research. As a result of the conducted research recommendations about increase in efficiency of the industrial policy realized in Russia taking into account experience of the People's Republic of China are formulated.

There are four groups of indicators influenced on the performance of retail commercial enterprise. They are characteristics of the store (retail space), store location, transport and pedestrian accessibility of the store and the attitude of buyers to the shop (customer metrics). The present paper is dealt with the influence of the fourth group- «customer metrics ". The authors of this article consider such factors of this group as: the work of salespeople and other staff; the internal atmosphere of commercial enterprise; the security area of the enterprise location; brand awareness; additional services. The article describes the application of the proposed approach to the assessment and change forecast of turnover depending on the studied factors using the method of fuzzy logic by the example of the results of such shops as "Ocean" and "Pervomayskiy", retail outlets "Gastronom" format "supermarket", Izhevsk. The authors define term-sets and membership functions for each client criterion. The rule base is also developed. The presence of aggregate functions is implemented by Mamdani logical inference, which uses the min-max composition of fuzzy sets. The adequacy of the proposed mathematical model is performed on the example of results forecasting of investigated stores activities "retail network " Gastronom " format "supermarket" (Izhevsk, Russia) using the software Matlab, and then comparing the calculated value of the average purchase with actual. Monitored client performance on the basis of a network "Gastronom" has also allowed the authors to develop recommendations for shops as described in this article.