One of the promising methods of powder obtaining practically from any conductive material, including hard alloy, characterized by relatively low energy costs and cleanliness of the process, is method electroerosion dispersion (EED). Currently there is no full information on initial composition, regimes and environment impact on the properties of disperse systems and recommendations on the effective technologies providing their sintering and hardening in the scientific and technical literature. Thus this prevents from the use of this method. For sintered parts hardening, it is helpful to use electric spark machining (ESM). ESM is technologically flexibilite, cheap and it helps to obtain coverings with a wide range of properties. However, in many cases the properties of electrospark coatings depend both on the composition, structure and properties of the electrode material, and on the properties of the substrate material. Complex theoretical and experimental studies are required to develop a complex technology for the production of disperse systems using electroerosion dispersion method and their hardening by electric spark machining, charecterised by good stress-related properties and performance. The purpose of this work is to research the elemental composition of electrospark coatings and electroerosion sintered substrates made of high-speed steel. When the experiments were set up, a metal powder was obtained from the waste of high-speed steel grade P6M5 when using a device for electroerosion dispersion of conductive materials. The resulting electroerosion powder consisted of particles of a spherical and elliptical shape measuring from 25 nm to 50 μm. The average particle size of the powder was 19.72 μm, and the specific surface area was 16725.95 cm2 / cm3. The electro-erosion powder was pressed by a hydrostatic method using an EPSI press. The powder was poured into a rubber hermetical mold then it was placed in a hydrostat working chamber where there was a liquid pressure of 300 MPa created by means of a high-lift pump. Nabertherm VHT 8/22 GR. Sintering was held in a vacuum at a temperature of 1050 ° C for 2 hours . Electrospark coatings on sintered sample material made from electroerrosion high-speed steel were produced using VK8 electrodes and UR-121 machine. Using EDAX energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, built into QUANTA 200 3D scanning electron microscope, spectra of characteristic X-ray radiation were obtained at various points on the surface of the sample and along the cross-section. Based on the conducted studies it was established that the main elements in the electrospark coating are iron, molybdenum and tungsten, and sintering was held in a vacuum at a temperature of 1050 ° C for 2 hours . Electrospark coatings on sintered sample material made from electroerrosion high-speed steel were produced using VK8 electrodes and UR-121 machine. Using EDAX energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, built into QUANTA 200 3D scanning electron microscope, spectra of characteristic X-ray radiation were obtained at various points on the surface of the sample and along the cross-section. Based on the conducted studies it was established that the main elements in the electrospark coating are iron, molybdenum and tungsten, and in the substrate only iron and molybdenum. the substrate only iron and molybdenum. Based on the conducted studies it was established that the main elements in the electrospark coating are iron, molybdenum and tungsten, and the main elements in the substrate are only iron and molybdenum.

The article considers main directions of construction sector development in the conditions of the modern ecological situation and the principles of cities sustainable development. The problems constraining implementation of the principles of green building in the Russian Federation are identified. The article covers the most promising concept of construction sector development that is construction based on applying ecological standards (green building). The main advantages of this trend in construction are also disclosed; a brief description of the known green building certification systems such as LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) and BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) is given. The characteristic features of ecological construction in Russia are considered and the reasons of its slow development are identified. The authors pay attention to the fact that government actions aimed at developing regulatory and legal framework of environmental requirements for construction is a guarantee of the safety of its citizens and the basis for the successful development of the construction sector and the entire country. Currently, the ecological aspect is the most important, and it is the environmental criteria that should be used as the foundation for the concept of innovative development of the construction sector. The reasons preventing large-scale application of green standards in construction are revealed. Methods of state stimulation of the market of green technologies in Russia are proposed.

The paper discusses some models of hydrogen-stress cracking of metals and alloys. These models are based on hydrogen-dislocation interaction. It is shown that the critical role of dislocation emissions in AIDE mechanism is, in its turn, similar to HELP except for a higher localization of deformations compared with microvoids coalescence that is related with HELP, because that stresses needed for the dislocation propagation are high enough to boost general dislocation activity in deformation zones in front of cracks. This results in the formation of small voids on intersecting deformation bands. It has been observed that a crack is essentially growing due to the emission of dislocations. However the emission of dislocation towards the tip of a crack and the formation of voids in front of a crack contribute a lot to the process. Furthermore, the formation of voids in front of a crack makes for a short radius of the crack tip and low angles of the crack tip opening displacement The paper considers crack growing in inert media in plastic materials. Crack plastic growth takes place mainly due to dislocations that originate from the sources in the deformation zone in front of the crack tip and are propagating backwards along the crack tip plane with a small or zero emission of the dislocations that start from the crack tip. Small number of the dislocations that originate in the sources lying closest to the crack tip will intersect the tip of the crack precisely thus promoting the crack development while the majority of the dislocation will have either blunting effect or contribute to the deformation in front of the crack. Thus to cause a crack growth due to microvoid coalescence and deep cavities with shallow depressions therein on fracture surfaces there must be a large deformation in front of the crack. It is demonstrated that the cracking mechanism resulting from the AIDE mechanism will be either intergranular or transcrystalline depending on the location where the propagation of dislocations and formation of voids run mostly easily. In case of transcrystalline cracking alternative sliding motion along the planes on either side of the crack will tend to minimize the reverse stress caused by previously emitted dislocations. Then the macroscopic transcrystalline cracking plane will divide the angle between the slide planes and the crack front will be located on the intersection line of the crack planes and the slide planes. However, if there is a difference in the number of slides that occur on either crack side because of big differences in shear stresses on different slide planes, there will be deviations from the planes and directions with low refraction index. If the plane index is not low, there still can be deviations in the failure planes depending on the location of nucleus voids in front of the crack. A detailed description of the relationship between hydrogen effect on the behavior of dislocations and voids, sliding motion localization and hydrogen embrittlement is still lacking, moreover, it presents a serious problem that can be solved by describing the kinetics of hydrogen embrittlement process. Thanks to their sophisticated nature HELP and AIDE mechanisms can be embrittlement contributors both in cracking and in the formation of cavities due to ductile fracture.

Today there are numerous research works meant to improve nuclear fuel element performance in order to ensure reliable operation under increased burn-up conditions. In this context the pellet microstructure seems to be a very important parameter. An increase in the grain size diminishes the branching of boundaries and reduces the migration speed of gas-filled pores to the grain boundaries which are the routes of accelerated diffusion. The problem can be solved by introducing nano additives to uranium dioxide considering the influence of small addition agents upon the grain growth activation and microstructure evolution. The addition of nano particles of different powders should stimulate agglomeration process. This is one of modern tendencies in the development of new material technologies for fast reactors. In the research process the mechanical activation with simultaneous size reduction of gadolinium oxide and aluminum and gadolinium hydroxide powders (Gd2O3 №1, Gd2O3 №2, Al(OH)3 and Gd(OH)3) was done in planetary centrifugal mill "Pulverisette 5" made by Fritsch GmbH company (Germany). The technology of UO2 nuclear fuel manufacture has been developed in several variants including the agglomeration with pre-pressing or extruding, isostatic and hot pressing, rotary swaging, vibratory compacting, slip casting, etc. Today the main UO2 fuel element manufacturing technologies are cold pressing and agglomeration considering their simplicity and affordability. The conducted research permitted to ascertain some specific features of initial TiO2, Al(OH)3, Gd2O3, and Gd(OH)3 additives and determine their basic properties. The authors determined the most optimal modes of fine-grained additives production and proposed and optimal method of their introduction into UO2 mixtures. The paper also considers possible mechanisms of fine-grained additives influence on the fuel pellet production.

The article considers the tasks related to the prevention of emergency situations and the assessment and prediction of the consequences of natural disasters. It is shown that the effectiveness of these problems solution depends to a high degree on the efficiency of the analysis of the existing situation and the current state of the objects of surveillance in hazardous areas. At the same time, the most important source of information for decision-making are space images, primarily digital images, since they can be transmitted over high-speed radio-frequency transmission lines from the spacecraft to ground space information receiving points immediately after the survey. Scanner images obtained by optoelectronic scanning systems are among them and of special importance, since optoelectronic scanning systems ensure the registration of vast territories with high detail. During the ground images processing, two main tasks are solved, namely, the localization of surveillance objects in satellite imagery, connected with obtaining preliminary assessments and issuing target designations to ground forces and facilities for performing immediate operations aimed at eliminating existing threats, and detailed analysis of the situation and the current state of the surveillance objects with the clarification of previously issued target designations. In this case, the highest requirements for operational response are imposed on the solution of the first task. They are caused by the need to find the location of surveillance objects on the space imagery being processed as soon as possible. The known techniques of the localization of surveillance objects on space scanner images, namely, visual, photogrammetric (direct and iterative), correlation and approximation ones are considered. It is shown that on the one hand, in conditions of a huge amount of incoming for processing specific space information, and limited hardware and software resources of ground stations for processing space information, on the other hand, photogrammetric techniques for localizing surveillance objects on the survey route are the most acceptable ones. The known photogrammetric techniques are applied in the interactive mode and do not require large computational resources, since they are based on simple algebraic calculations in each iteration for a single point of an image. At the same time, the scope of the technique is critical to the duration of the survey route being processed, since along with the technological operations performed in the automatic mode (selection of image fragments) it contains the operations of the operator performing a visual assessment of the presence of surveillance objects in images. To eliminate the identified shortcomings, a technique for automatic localization of surveillance objects in space scanner images of vast territories by organizing their photogrammetric processing was proposed and considered. To test the efficiency of the technique and to study its effectiveness, an algorithm for constructing prototype scanner images on the surface of a common terrestrial ellipsoid has been developed.

At present, the use of modern technologies is becoming more urgent. This concerns both construction engineering and structural design standards. There is a need for a wider use of computer technology, which will allow solving multifactorial tasks taking into account actual stress-strain state of structures at all the stages of their operation with the help of a nonlinear deformation model in the future. The objective of this work is to study the nature of the interaction of steel fibers equidirectionally located in parallel to force in fine-grained slag concrete, in particular, to determine the coefficient characterizing the change in the contribution to the work of the fibre reinforcement unit depending on the length of the adjacent fibers embedment in the slag concrete and the quality of adhesion between them, and construction of a graphical model of steel fibers operation in cinderblock matrix, diagrams of deformation (state) of concrete, reinforcement and fiberы which are an integral characteristic of physical and mechanical properties of materials. Tests for the extraction of steel fibers with single offset bends at the ends of fine-grained slag concrete have been carried out. Experimental dependences of steel fibers displacement on the applied load have been obtained. Based on the results of the experimental data analysis, formulas for determining the coordinates of piecewise-linear ‘load-displacement’ diagrams are proposed; they describe the displacement of a single fiber from fine-grained slag-concrete, which allows drawing conclusions concerning their mutual influence on the anchoring ability in fine-grained slag concrete. Dependencies for determining the coefficient characterizing the change in the contribution to the work of the fibre reinforcement unit depending on the length of the adjacent fibers embedment in the slag concrete and the quality of adhesion between these fibers and the slag concrete-matrix are proposed. The work also presents common dependencies, which can be used to construct analytical piece-wise diagrams ‘load-displacement’ and describe the work of fiber embedded in fine-grained slag concrete when calculating the units of building structures from steel-fiber-slag-concrete by means of a computer using the diagram technique.

For presowing seed treatment seed mixers are often applied, however, to improve treatment efficiency aerosol units are proposed. The units provide an aerosol-heat treatment of seeds before sowing enabling long-term storage of seeds after the treatment. The aerosol treatment unit with protecting-promoting agents is a vertical mixing chamber with inclined shelves arranged at a certain angle. Protecting-promoting aerosol is supplied into the mixing chamber by thermal fogger BF -150. The aerosol treatment unit with protecting and promoting agents is installed under an elevator or hopper. Before seed unloading, thermal fogger is started, as a result of the movement of two streams of grain down the inclined shelves, and the upward movement of aerosol at temperature of 50-60 ^oC, seeds are treated. It was found out that the efficiency of the treatment also depends on the speed of movement along the shelf, which is determined by the inclination of shelves and the initial position of grains on the shelf at the beginning of the movement. The experimental research shows that the most significant factor is the angle of inclination of the shelf, the significance of the second factor, the initial grain position on the shelf, is less important. The distance between the shelves should be chosen considering the limits of the impact rate while the pouring grains from the shelf onto the shelf, as well as taking into account the least resistance to movement of the aerosol upward flow. The efficiency of presowing seed treatment with protecting promoting agents depends on the speed of countercurrent flows. Combined heat and chemical effects promote the intensification of physiological processes in seeds and even sprouts.

The paper states the difficulty of turning of structural elements of items with a combined surface, namely, a metal base surface with inclusions of polymer materials; impossibility to provide the required performance quality using traditional tool materials, especially in the areas of metal and polymer contact is shown. Major technological challenges that should be addressed as a whole while designing turning tools are presented. They are: providing shock-free conditions for digging of the cutting element in a discontinuous surface; achievement of high levels of quality and accuracy of the surface formed by the combination of dissimilar structural materials; damping of oscillations caused by the discontinuous nature of the cutting process. Several designs of turning tools with damping elements suitable for oscillation and vibration damping were reviewed. The nature and extent of the influence of intermittent cutting conditions when damping vibrations and loads on the machining quality levels and tool life were investigated. The main characteristics and features of the considered designs of cutting tools were studied; design and engineering solutions for the implementation of tools with damping properties into the production process were proposed; ways for abatement of vibrations arising in the process of turning of combined surfaces were recommended. Performance testing of new designs of cutters under conditions of intermittent cutting of structurally complex surfaces of machine parts operating under alternating loads showed high performance of super-hard tool materials based on cubic boron nitride. Under damping while turning parts made of HH 40KHN, 12KHN3A steel, the quality of the machining of the seventh quality grade with the index of roughness of the processed surface Ra ≤ 0.63 µm, including surface cutting, which is a combination of several structural materials, was achieved.

A computation scheme for the analysis of reinforced concrete slabs using the finite element method providing possibility to consider unilateral connections has been developed. The stress-strain state of a slab is modeled taking into account physically nonlinear behavior of concrete and reinforcement, reinforcement discreteness, formation of transverse cracks in concrete. Kirchhoff hypotheses are considered to be true for a slab as a whole. It is believed that reinforcement out of cracks has a perfect adhesion with concrete. Concrete is represented by a system of thin layers, each of which is in a two-dimensional stress state. Approximation of displacements in this multilayer scheme is performed using triangular plate finite elements. Deformation of the reinforcement is described by means of rods working only in tension or compression. Unilateral connections are the contact finite elements. Concrete strength is evaluated according to Karpenko criterion. Deformation of concrete between cracks is described in accordance with Murashev’s approach.On the basis of the principle of virtual displacements assembling of elements takes place. A secant method case providing the convergence of the iterative process for a complex nonlinear problem of this type is proposed. At the first stage, a step-by-step increase of external forces is provided until the actual level of loading is achieved. Only one iteration of the secant method is performed at each step. Then, the iterative solution of the problem with repeated change of secant modulus is applied. The efficiency of this algorithm is confirmed on the basis of theoretical analysis and experiment for a rectangular in terms of bending reinforced concrete slab with free bearing on three sides, and not fixed on the fourth side. Three slab samples were tested and formation of cracks was monitored, measurement of deformations and displacements were performed

The article is devoted to the legislative regulation of compulsory medical measures. The author shows that the legislative regulations of such measures are not limited to the criminal legislation norms. A number of articles regulating compulsory treatment are envisioned by the Law on Psychiatric Care, as well as other federal regulations. However, the legislative recommendation of coercive measures of medical nature has gaps regarding the implementation of such measures. The article reveals compulsory measures of medical nature, appointed and applied against pedophiles. The author draws attention to the restrictive conditions, the observance of which is necessary for imposition of compulsory treatment for this category of persons. The article emphasizes that the use of coercive measures of medical nature for pedophiles who have committed crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors can continue after serving their sentences if the purposes of applying coercive measures are not met. The basis for the extension of such measures is the public danger of a person suffering from sexual drive disorder. The public danger of persons listed in article 97 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is the only basis for use of coercive measures of medical nature. Persons who are not dangerous are to be treated in medical organizations that provide psychiatric care on a general basis. In necessary, such persons can be send to the handicap centres.

The article discusses issues concerning the legal regulation of the procedure for appealing against judicial decisions taken by the court under appointment of the court session. The author raises the problem of the necessity and appropriateness of any decision appeal taken in this stage of the process. Iit is proved that since any judicial decision determining the further movement received from the Prosecutor of the criminal case affects the interests of the participants in the proceedings. So the participants should be given the right of appeal to the General order, that is, in accordance with chapters 45.1 and 47.1 of the code of criminal procedure. In the paper general scientific and special legal methods of studies are used: analysis and synthesis, legal modeling, formally-legal. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the author's approach to the study of the problem which has not only theoretical but also practical importance, namely, to rethink the essence of the appeal against the intermediate court decisions. The author challenges the position of many scientists that the appeal of any and all decisions made under appointment of the court session, having primarily organizational and security nature, creates judicial red tape and delays the timing of the proceedings and therefore the criminal trial on the merits, basing his opinion that sometimes the execution of certain judgments of the court leads to much more temporal, organizational, and material costs than their verification by the higher court. In addition the right to appeal procedural actions and decisions, as a principle of criminal proceedings, along with other principles is designed to protect the legitimate rights and interests of any participant in the process. In modern Russian criminal proceedings that is a priority. Therefore, the author proposes to exclude the provision on prohibition to appeal an individual judge's decision rendered under appointment of the court session from the code of criminal procedure and to leavу only the ban to appeal the decision on the venue, date and time of the hearing.

The paper discusses the future development of the cryptocurrency in the Russian Federation. At present, it can be defined as a new financial instrument based on distributed registry technology (Blokchein). It is the lack of server storage and a single issuer, the relative anonymity (pseudonymity) and mobility calculations allow us to consider financial cryptocurrency to be a technology of the future. Evaluation of the prospects for the development of the regulatory and protective law of the Russian Federation, the author begins with an assessment of the world's leading strategies for regulating the virtual currency: permissive, prohibitive and observant. The author argues the problem of searching for the optimal model of the cryptocurrency legalization, considering it to be a kind of a computer program: means of exchange, a monetary symbol, a cashless cash, an electronic money and a security, a commodity, other property, property right, etc. Particular attention is paid to the critical analysis of the draft federal law on the declaration of a crypto currency by a surrogate and the introduction of a new composition in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - article 187.1 "Turnover of money surrogates" with the establishment of responsibility in the form of a fine of up to 500 thousand rubles or imprisonment for up to four Years for production, purchase for sale, as well as the sale of money surrogates. As one of the developers of the draft law on legalization of the cryptocurrency in the Russian Federation, the author of this paper identifies the most important aspects that need in legal control. They are identification of exchange sites and the user, verification of transactions based on documents, data and information (validation), determination of the beneficial owner, Relations and monitoring of transactions with the cryptocurrency in accordance with the risk profile.

The paper is devoted to the consideration of the criminal legal regulations of the institution of criminal complicity, which are in the Criminal Code of 1845 and 1903. The author has conducted a comparative analysis of the legal provisions on criminal complicity and revealed some peculiarities of the legislative technique of constructing normative prescriptions on the criminal complicity in the legislation of the classical school of criminal law. The author also notes that the technique of constructing an institution of criminal complicity in the criminal legislation of the ХIХ-beginning of the XX century has long history and features of the development. The author notes that, unlike the Decree on punishments of criminal and executive 1845, in which there is no definition of complicity, the Criminal Code of 1903 contains a norm in which the signs of complicity in a crime are indicated. In the Decree of 1845 the legislator singled out two forms of complicity: complicity with prior consent and complicity without prior consent. Legislation on the forms of complicity in the Code of 1903 has been improved through the consolidation in the law of two more forms: participation in the community and complicity in the gang. At the same time, the normative text of the Code of 1845 is extremely difficult to formulate because there is no clarity, compactness. Besides there are repetitions and contradictions in the norms of complicity. In the Code of 1903, the author recognizes the norm, which regulates responsibility of the accomplices of the crime, as well as a regulation of the legal consequences on voluntary refusal of criminal complicity, to be effective. The author concludes that the Regulations of 1845 and 1903 are more effective in comparison with the previous criminal laws.

The paper considers norms of the Russian legislation on urban forests. The main problems of the legal regulation of urban forests within the Russian Federation have been identified and analyzed. The author pays special attention to the absence of a definition of the "urban forests" concept and the criteria for referring forest plantations to urban forests that make it possible to delineate urban forests from other plantations within the settlements, including forest parks. The author points to the fact that there is no criteria for power delineation to protect and use urban forests as well as a clear functional structure of urban forest management at the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation. There is also legal uncertainty about referring forest located in settlements that are not cities to forests. All these gaps in the Russian legislation cause certain difficulties in law enforcement practice. Based on the analysis, the author suggests ways of managing urban forests in the current socio-economic situation in Russia. First of all, it is necessary to introduce a number of clarifications at the legislative level: to regulate the legal regime for using urban forests established for forest park areas in accordance with the requirements of the Russian Federation Code, to establish the norm which will oblige local authorities while preparing and approving the documents concerning territorial planning, to include land plots on which urban forests are located, into recreational areas or zones of specially protected areas. The author believes that these changes in the forest legislation will help to develop and preserve urban forests as a reliable environmental and legal guarantee for the constitutional right of citizens to have a favorable environment.

This article is devoted to interaction mechanisms study (counteraction) of state and terrorism on the basis of conflict model application. Consequences of such interaction and also options of received results used in state and legal practice are investigated (on the example of fight against terror in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century). Separate parameters influencing formation of complete theoretical model of the conflict are determined. Method of reflexing system creation developed by V. A. Lefebvre for studying decision-making problem by parties of the conflict is used. Method of reflexing system creation allows investigating not only legal but also social regulators to consider random behavioral factors of conflict participants, and also to influence decision adoption process. One of the parameters influencing creation of effective legal model is awareness for which knowledge concept structure accounting is used. So according to relevant standards of regulatory legal act it is possible to draw a conclusion about the level of power knowledge and about scales and nature of state terrorism. For the state it is necessary to keep information balance between parties of the conflict. It is noted that the system assessment of terrorism condition at the stage preceding decision-making is a key of successful conflict solving both on micro and macro levels. The most irregular shapes of counteraction to terrorist threat are shown in that case when conflicting party consciously neglects rationality principle and in advance provides a certain size of own losses. Attention is focused on separate features of public and secret methods of counteraction in conflict. Special attention is paid to problems of advanced legal impact and choice anticipatory rationing. Anticipatory legal regulation in mediated form reduces the size of potential guilty under behavior regulation.

Questions of efficiency increase of human resource management are one of the most discussed by scientists of different countries in the last decades. This is due to many reasons and above all, the increasing human impact on the competitiveness of modern organizations, constantly changing external conditions of their functioning and the necessity of taking into account country and industry specifics. Effective management of human resources is one of the necessary conditions for the competitiveness of modern enterprises. The main tool of this management is program development of human resources. The article presents an overview of the key areas in the field of human resource development programs (HRD programs), the necessity of their agreement with the enterprise development strategy and consideration of influence on organizational effectiveness. The authors have presented a causal model of the relationship between human resource management (HRM) and labour performance and researched the procedure justifying the selection of HR practices. The article presents a cognitive map of the impact of human resources on the results of company operations. The analysis of cognitive map has allowed the researchers to reveal the structure of the problem (situation), to find the most significant factors affecting it and to carry out a reasonable choice of control actions to achieve objectives. The stages and tools for developing HRD programs on the basis of application of cognitive modelling are presented here. This fact has allowed us to evaluate the impact of HR practices on key indicators of organization performance at the design stage. In conclusion the authors have noted that it is necessary to consider the indirect effects of HR practices on the performance of organization and relationships between various aspects of human resources management . In this regard it seems appropriate to use wider application in the field of cognitive modeling and simulation. According to the authors this approach will accomplish the quantitative assessment of the impact of HR practices on organizational effectiveness at the stage of designing the programme of human resource development. At the same time it provides the possibility of"situational" factors accounting for a particular organization.

Regional innovative development in modern economic conditions depends not only on technological innovative development, but also on development extent in non-technological sphere. Marketing, organizational and ecological innovations are non-technological innovations. Organizational innovations have the leading role. Production program and realization (executed works and services), production quality and demand (goods, works and services) and market competitiveness in general depend on organization innovations implementation. In Russian practice, unfortunately, not much attention is paid to organizational innovations though leading foreign countries experience proves urgent need of their study and activation. Main goal of this research study is carrying out interregional comparative analysis of non-technological innovative activity in organizational innovations. This article describes carried out assessment of innovative development in the field of organizational innovations at state level, federal districts and regions of the Russian Federation. This study allows defining the main state tendencies, revealing leading federal districts and regions. Carried-out industry analysis of innovative activity in the field of organizational innovations has interesting results. According to this analysis it is possible to reveal main branches of organizational innovative development. This article also shows interstate research of organizational innovative development level. This research allows defining the place of the Russian Federation among leading foreign countries. There are conclusions about innovative development and recommendations about improvement of the existing situation.

The article presents an analysis of such macroeconomic development indicators in Latin America as the size of nominal GDP, the size of GDP based on PPP, the rate of industrial growth, the level of unemployment, the volume of exports, imports, the size of public debt to the country's GDP. Statistical data are important for understanding current trends in economic policy. Dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators of the countries with the highest and the least level of development is considered. A correlation analysis of the GDP dependence of Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, Paraguay, Bolivia on price of copper and oil. The authors conclude that the GDP of some Latin American Countries depends on the price of oil or copper. Latin America traditionally occupied a peripheral position in the world economy and politics. Although there is a difference in the macroeconomic indicators of these countries, Latin America has a big hidden resource potential nowadays.

The study presents an approach to the measurement of differentiation of socio-economic systems of the regions through the mobilization of internal and attraction of external development resources. In the present context they are the main indicators reflecting the relationship between economic growth and social equilibrium, they show the effectiveness of governance and implementation of the principles of social partnership in society. The aim of the study is to establish a scientific and reasonable mechanism for the regulation of differentiation of socio-economic development of the region through the mobilization of internal and outsourcing development. The study is based on scientific methodology, providing the ability to apply systematic approach to management problems solving by differentiation of socio-economic systems of regions. In the globalized world economic space and the profound socio-economic changes the creation of effective system of public administration will improve the efficiency use of limited resources (financial, material, human) allocated for the problem decision of differentiation reduction.It is revealed the differentiation in regional development for the integrated indicator of regions priority(IRP) and proposed a typology of Central Federal district regions based on two criteria: "the level of development of IRP " and " development dynamics of IRP " showing the rate of mobilization of internal and outsourcing development. It is justified the order of selection of promising targeted measures of state regulation in the field of reduction of regions differentiation. The study includes recommendations for the establishment and development of effective tools for smoothing and control of differentiation of socio-economic development of regions through the mobilization of internal and attracttion of external resources of development. It will enhance the investment attractiveness of the regions by stimulating existing competitive advantages.

In modern economic conditions for business development businessmen have to take bank credits. At the same time it is necessary to consider that growth of inflation has negative impact on investment profitability, increases risks, and significantly limits businessmen investment activity. In this regard, adequate ensuring calculation of bank credits payment plan is up-to-date. This article describes investments profitability taking into account bank credit repayment in case of state support and without it. Balance equation is necessary to make evaluation of capital investment profitability in enterprise. It is possible to define compliance between sum of money invested by businessman creditor together with added percent and sum of borrower extinctive payments should be also taken into account. The balance equation allows credit income calculation for businessman creditor and distributing it on income sources and credit debt repayment periods. One part of credit debts goes for principal debt repayment and the other part is for percent repayment of debt rest. For the purpose of state support for innovative directions of business development it is offered to compensate annually a certain part of money from the total payment amount of credit percent charged for the debt rest. In modern economic conditions it is almost impossible manually to make adequate decisions on effective use of credit resources. Therefore by means of modern computer technologies and programs it is offered to automate management process of rational decision adoption in questions of loan resources effective use. It is shown in conditional numeric example. In conclusion it is noted that businessman, using offered technique of rational option choice of loan resources use, has a real opportunity of bank credit repayment, taking into account inflation changing rate. It is possible to develop production capacities and to take extreme commercial benefit in contract terms.

The low salaries are one of the most significant factors that does not contribute to social and economic development in the country. Therefore, at the present stage, it is necessary to restore all salary functions , especially stimulating one, to increase the proportion of material reward in people's monetary incomes. This will help to improve the living standards and purchasing power, revitalize business processes that will definitely contribute to the economic development of the country and economic entities. The article reveals the approach to the formation of material reward at the present stage. The employee receives his salary for the exercise of official duties, the bonus is determined by the complexity, quality, efficiency of the work done. The labor code of the Russian federation does not allow an employer to force an employee to do the job that is not included in the job description, unless an employee himself wants to do so. As research shows, in practice there are situations of social and labor relations that deviate from the norms of the employment contract. All these issues are urgent and require the development and implementation of an effective policy of social and labor relations.