Industrial use of hydroxide is connected with the production of pure aluminum. The process begins with the processing of aluminum oxide ore to get hydroxide as its output. The product yield in this reaction is rather high as its residual is actually poor rock. Next step is aluminum hydroxide decomposition. One of the most promising methods of producing powder from a current-conducting material including aluminum waste is electroerosion dispersion (EED) that is energy saving and environmentally friendly. The purpose of the presented research was X-ray refraction of the powder produced by electrical aluminum waste dispersion in distilled water. To produce aluminum powder by EED method we used 99.9 % aluminum wire cut into 5-7 cm sections. The wire was put into a reactor filled with distilled water as process fluid. The process was run under the following electrical conditions: 65 мicrofarad energy discharge capacitors, 120 V voltage and 150Hz pulse frequency. As a result of local effect of short-time electrical charge impacts the material disintegrated with release of aluminum powder dispersed particles. X-ray refraction of the produced aluminum powder has provided experimentally proven data and demonstrated that the powder comprises aluminum hydroxide of two modifications: bayerite and gibbsite, and contains aluminum oxihydroxide of beohmite modification.

The paper presents measures to improve the production of gas turbine engine pipeline by gradual re-engineering of the existing process. At the first stage the product adding value diagram and Ishikawa diagram are made to identify non-productive operations and work out the recommendations for their duration reduction. As the second stage it is suggested that checks of pipe bends conducted at the jig should be replaced by the checks made by the measuring programming unit provided that pipe bending operations are performed at NC pipe bending machine. As the second stage it is suggested to combine several simple operations in order to even the operating personnel working load. In this case the highest rate of labor work load per person in pipeline production process will be 60%, while the labor force utilization factor in this process area will increase almost by 15%. The last stage presupposes automation of pipe bending and finishing operations. For this purpose a NC pipe bending machine should be used for bending operations and a grinder for finishing operations. The change-over to machine pipe bending and finishing ensures better performance and higher quality of the production process, in particular it is able to improve automation rate and progressivity ratio. As a result of the measures implemented at each stage of the production process re-engineering it is expected to reduce the pipeline production process time, increase labor productivity and improve the process automation rate. Eventually it can guarantee timely and sustainable supply of gas engine pipelines with appropriate quality.

The samples of CoCrMocoated with (Al, Ti)N were taken for the study. The thickness of the applied porous coatings was 3, 7 and 10 microns, respectively. A cylindricalsample (roller) with a diameter of 10mm made ofball bearing steel SKh-15was usedas a rotating counterface. Nanoscale powdered plate-like tungsten diselenide with particles sizes of 60x5nm was selectedas solid lubricant. During the tests, a rotating steel samplewaspressedby its flat sideto the surface of the fixed in the clamp sample. During the experiment,the clamp fixed on the bearing assembly by means of thecable and the strain gaugewas grippedto prevent rotation imparted by the moving roller. Obtained data of friction torque and actual loadwere transmitted tothe computer by means of the strain gauge. During all the experiments, the load on the friction pair was 334N and shaft speed, in which steel roller was clamped,was 500 r/min. Basedon the conducted study, it was found that the (Al, Ti)Ncoatings,whose thickness is 3.7micronsand 10 microns, on the CoCrMo substrate help reduce spinning friction torqueon the substrateby 18, 40 and 67% (three times), respectively. When usingthe powder from tungsten diselenide nanoparticles of 60x5nm in sizeon the frictional contact, the spinning friction torque on the (Al, Ti)Ncoating with thickness of 3micronsreducesby 6.5 times. When usingthe powder from tungsten diselenide nanoparticles of 60x5nm in size onthe frictional contact,the spinning friction torque on the (Al, Ti)Ncoating with thickness of 7micronsreduces by18 times. When usingthe powder from tungsten diselenide nanoparticles of 60x5nm in size on the frictional contact, the spinning friction torque on the (Al, Ti)N coating with thickness of 10 micronsreduces by6 times. The dependence of spinning friction torque on the coating thickness when using tungsten diselenide is in good agreement with the dependence of the friction factor on the thickness of metal filmsaccording to Bowden and Tabor.

The paper deals with a group of tasks for decision support relating to the comparative analysis of several alternatives and selecting one of them in the class of sophisticated mobile systems on the basis of multi-criteria evaluation. Vehicles, tracked platforms, mobile terrestrial robotic systems, etc. characterized by a large set of parameters and different performance characteristicsare considered as sophisticated mobile systems. In this case, due to some objective reasons, the parameters and characteristics of the compared alternatives are not always comparable and one-dimensional, i.e. admitting their direct comparison. This feature greatly complicates the task of decision-making for a decision-maker, or a group of persons who make such decisions. As a result, there is an objective necessity for the development and/or comparison of mathematical models and decision support methods of computer decision-makingsystems using multi-criteria evaluation methods. The comparison in 7-dimensional feature space has shown that the most advantageous method for the analysis of complex mobile systems is the analytic hierarchy process which allows establishingrelationsboth between the levels of criteria and the preferences of the experts for each alternative. Application of the developedrating scale allows processing of difficult-to-measuredata.

The article deals with the issue of linearization of a broken curve consisting of path points. Restrictions of classical Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm are shown in the paper. These restrictions are important for a robot for resources consumption and keeping the speed in the field. They include the use of such base curve points that have maximum values of coordinate deviation between the first and the last points. In this case robot’s motion path is smoothed, but the rotary angles are still wide. The robot has to stop at base points and turn according to the path. This action increases the path time. Due to this it is impossible to use the algorithm directly to smooth the mobile robot motion. The phase of pre-processing has been introduced into Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm, which includes collection of data about numerical data of via points of the initial curve. Consideration of these data allows objective identification of points of the curve which are understood as noise. In contrast to the initial algorithm, base points with large coordinate values are not considered. To do this, deviations of all points between the first and the last ones are analyzed. Statistic data for the curve are acquired. Based on user-set limit deviations, points which will be understood as noise are defined. As the result, the obtained broken curve has a smaller span between points. The number of points in the curve decreases. These changes provide for better performance of a mobile robot.

The article deals with the study of the specific features of objects with structure-variable control. The outcome of the analysis of the dynamic control of objects used to define dynamic condition specific features is presented. The aims and objectives of dynamic control optimization of objects of this type are defined; techniques allowing obtaining best possible solutions of such problems are considered. The descriptive setting of the problem of structure optimization with dynamic elements of variability is proposed. According to the description, an optimization model of objects of the considered type is built and studied, it contains an objective function, depending on constant values (parameters of the object under study related to the category of constants will be included in it as constants which values will be obtained as a result of optimization problem solution for the object under study in static conditions), and on time-variant parameters (parameters, whose characteristics depend on the selected time value and are presented as x(t)), a number of constraints including the vector of state of basic features of the variable object type depending on the selected time point. To simplify the process of solving of such problems it is proposed to represent a time parameter as a discrete one within the set time and the selected value of the variation step. The population-based algorithm (monkey behavior algorithm) is used as a mathematical tool to solve these problems; theoretical framework for their development and operation framework are studied; need for their application is proved. Procedures of numerical optimization of objects with structure variable control for dynamic conditions of a set problem based on the population-based algorithm framework are developed. The results of the development of an adaptive for evolutionary conditions of the problem algorithm based on the monkey behavior approach are given. The conclusion on the efficiency of the proposed structure optimization problem solving technique using variable components under condition of problem dynamic parameters is drawn.

Heat networks are complex engineering structures, that is why their construction requires significant investments. Heat networks are the most expensive and time-consuming service among all utility lines, consequently such requinment as long-term usage without repairs has to be taken into account in the process of heat networks design. In addition, functional performance over the whole period of service life must be also taken into consideration. Heat lines can be ground or underground. Underground lines are typical of residential areas. In this case residential area is not cluttered up and architectural aspect of the city is not damaged. Ground lines are typical of industrial areas in the process of joint power and industrial piping. Heat networks, in comparison to gas networks are local. However, despite their locality, the total effect of heat networks on a national scale is very significant, therefore, it is very important to optimize heat networks. Heat networks optimization is one of the lines of this research. Selection of the heat supply structure depends on a number of conditions. One of the main conditions is cost-effective heat energy supply. Heat supply scheme is created by calculating the technical and economic indicators of options and their further comparison. In addition to the technical and economic factors, it is essential to take into consideration such factors as required heat and energy efficiency level, network reliability, operational safety and environmental requirements.

The results of the comparative analyses of ball bearing steel15 wear in the friction spinning mode on the flat steel surface using lubricating oil MS20 compositions containing solid tungsten disulfide nanoparticles and fullerene-like molybdenum disulphide particles. Ball bearing steel 15 12.7 mm in diameter was used as a rotating sample. Rectangular steel 45 plate was used as a fixed counterface. This plate was pressed by linear bushing which was filled with lubricants. The studies were conducted on the axial friction machine. There were used two lubricats - 1% tungsten 40 nm disulfide nanoparticles oil and 1% fullerene fine particles molybdenum disulfide MS20 oil (polydisperse lubricant, particles of different sizes from 2mkm to nanoparticles). The results of the research: - 1 % of gas-phase synthesis produced tungsten disulfide nanoperticles added to MS20 oil reduced initial wear rate by ≈ 23,5%. - 1 % of polydisperse fullerene molybdenum disulphide particles added to MS20 oil reduced initial wear rate by ≈40%; - maximum reduction in wear scar diameter when using tungsten 40 nm disulfide nanoparticles relative to the base oil occurred at the 6th min. These particles helped to reduce wear scar diameter by 17.5%. At the end of the experiment lubricat was 13% more efficient than MS-20 oil; - maximum reduction in wear scar diameter when using polydisperse fullerene molybdenum disulphide particles relative to the base oil occurred in the end of the experiment. These particles helped to reduce wear scar diameter by 30%.

This paper deals with the historical development of industrial architecture. Industrial landscape with large industrial buildings and facilities is part and parcel of almost every modern city. Aesthetic properties of the industrial buildings influence city beauty when industrial development in the cities has increased significantly. In the given paper perception of architecture is revealed from a physical, physiological, psychological and social point of view. Human feelings, background experience, education and upbringing have an impact on aesthetic and artistic perception of city environment. Buildings disproportional to surrounding landscape, too long constructions, industrial architecture sameness, lack of harmony between industrial buildings and environment lead to aesthetic pollution. Light and colour play an essential role in architecture, because they affect architectural comfort, expressiveness, effectiveness and energy efficiency more than any other factors no other factor. The architect creates aesthetically perfect complex combining designed parts of the building according to function, shape, colour, size, and other features. Beautiful architecture causes aesthetic awareness - specific emotional response. Architectural beauty plays also an emotional and moral role, contributes to human needs and interests development that coincide with contemporary social trends. Perception of beauty leads to happiness, unconditional love, goodness, freedom, self enrichment. Every industrial building, constriction and complex reflects historical era by architectural means.

The article is concerned with comparative criminal-legal description of inciting hatred or enmity, and humiliation of human dignity under the laws of Russia and Germany. The paper substantiates the relevance of studying the questions of counteraction of extremist activities, on the example of these countries’ legislation. The liability for inciting hatred or enmity, and humiliation of human dignity is stipulated in criminal laws of both states: Article 282 of the Russia’ criminal code and § 130 of the Criminal law of Germany, respectively. The article provides a comparative analysis of the offences under consideration. The paper notes that the elements of these offences are placed in different sections (chapters) of the criminal law by the legislators of Russia and Germany, which characterizes the given acts from the position of defining the type of object of a crime differently. The elements of the incitement of hatred or enmity, and humiliation of human dignity in the criminal law of both states are designed on formal grounds. When considering the characteristics of the objective element one draws attention to non-indisputability of alternative method of "using information-telecommunication networks, including the "Internet". We propose the new wording of the provisions of Article 282 of the Criminal code. It is further noted that unlike Russia’s criminal law, Germany establishes the responsibility for the act in question even without having publicity, use of media or information and telecommunications networks, including the "Internet". The paper gives the special elements of crimes of hate, stipulated by paragraphs 2-4 of § 130 of Germany’s Criminal code. They consider subjective features. In the end, it is concluded that the normative regulation of criminal liability for incitement of hatred or enmity, and humiliation of human dignity in Russia and Germany has a lot in common. However, certain provisions in a particular state are more favorable than others.

The authors of the present article consider the results of long-term reforming of the Russian education system. In their opinion, the education reforms have not led to the expected results, namely: they have not led to the increase of the educational level of citizens, have not made the educational system optimal from the point of view of financial costs and the mechanism of redistribution of financial resources, have not provided the productive sector with the necessary human resources, have split the education community. As the reasons for this situation, the authors see the shortcomings of the concept of educational reform that, according to them, was created without taking into account fundamental scientific principles. Declaring for the creation of a new concept, the authors of the article propose to put in the basis of its construction the principles that, in their opinion, are best suited to the needs of modernization of Russian education. Among these principles they refer to the following ones: matching social needs, recognition of the value and importance of patriotic education as a part of world culture, taking into account the existing domestic and foreign experience, the priority of national interests in educational reform, the priority of educational needs of the citizens, the right of everyone to education, effectiveness of education, improving the quality of education as the foundation of increasing its effectiveness, the priority of public law principles (methods) in the regulation of general education, taking into account government capabilities in the field of education. The article presents a detailed description of each of the above principles due to their importance for the new concept of legal regulation of educational sphere. Proclaiming the increase of education efficiency as the main aim of the educational reform, the authors believe that this can be achieved only by increasing the degree of compliance of educational process with educational standards and the needs of customers. The priority of public law methods in the regulation of general education is of crucial importance for the authors. In their view, this principle should be enshrined as a principle of state policy in the sphere of education. In addition, one must take into account the real economic, political, organizational and supervisory capabilities of the Russian state in the educational sphere.

Thearticlediscussessomefeaturesoftheconcept “publicsecurity” and its contentatpresent.Researchers believe that there is a need to find new ways of understandingsecurity. The authors agree, that it should be based on a scientific analysis of the essence of the Russian state, its social structuresas well as its position in the world community.The authors conclude that security is not characterized by a degree of protection against external and internal threats; it depends on the conditions for the existence and proper functioning of the social system. The authors pay attention to the fact that the concept “security” is closely related to the development of the society; it is considered through the prism of its value-normative models.Therefore, it should be understoodas adynamically stable state with respect to adverse effects. The state is suggested to guarantee both a personal and the society development. Theconcept “publicsecurity” is also isconsidereda stablesystemofrelations, in case of different threats. The authorized bodies control it in order to protect human life and health, property and the environment. The authors prove that it is necessary to characterize securityby the stable state,when development of skills and realization of socially important human needs, safety and development of social material and spiritual values as well as territorial integrity, sovereignty and constitutional order of the state are possible. The authors suggest some theoretical conclusions on improving theoretical and legal foundations of the existence of the category under consideration.

Thearticleisdevotedtoadministrativeactivitiesofthepolice. It gives the analysis of basic forms and methods of the administrative activities, such as ways of their effective application in the sphere of public order and public security in the Russian Federation. The author pays attention on the fact that the characteristic of administrative activity demonstrates if the police fulfill its mandated public security tasks well. It also allows finding out if these activities are legal.The forms of administrative activities according to their purpose are classified into the following groups, such as issuance of police acts; conclusion of contracts and other legal activities. The methodofthepoliceis considered as a way of practical implementation of the objectives, performing tasks and functions. The method should be understood as a set of tools provided by law and ways of solving problems. The method guarantees the rights and legitimate interests of subjects in certain legal relations. The author notes that the administrative and legal method has the features resulting from the characteristics of the subject of administrative law and the essence of public-management activities. The paper proves that the guarantee of the right combination of persuasion techniques and coercion is recognition of the method of persuasion as preferable. It is manifested through incentives, educational, explanatory and recommendation measures. The level of democratic development of the society is indicated by the degree of adequacy of these methods. The author comes to the conclusionthat administrative activities of the police are effective if only the public administration and other spheres of public life interact.

The article considers the basic directions of the activity of the United States’ Supreme Court. Besides the basic function - law enforcement one as the basis of judicial activity, there are three more functions - appellate, interpretive, and political, being fundamental and determining the status of the Supreme Court of the United States. As for the control function, it is implemented in the framework of the universal institute of the constitutional control. The author proposes to consider the interpretation and law making functions as the basis for the sustainability of the entire legal system. The unresolved issue of judicial law-making leads to the application of a legal fiction. In the American legal system, fictionalism does not contribute to legal stability. On the other hand, interpretation and law-making function ensure the development of American law and its adaptation to changing conditions. For example, until the last third of the twentieth century, the Supreme Court was establishing the constitutional basis for Federal government intervention in the economy and was contributing to the crucial matters of racial policy. At the present stage, there prevails the approach of "judicial restraint and the rejection of judicial activism’. According to the author, moral-political factors have a significant impact on the activities of the Supreme Court of the United States.

The article studies some points of views on the concept “reasonable risk” in the Russian criminal law. In particular, the author points to its inviolability in the criminal law in relation to the regulation the rights of everyone in order to protect their own interests and the interests of others. The positions of the concept in the Russian criminal law, regardless of any qualitative or quantitative amendments. In this case, the author pays special attention to qualifications of “reasonable risk” in the Russian criminal law. The contradictory nature of this phenomenon is due to the high degree of its complexity. At present, the provisions of the reasonable risk contradicts to certain provisions of the Special Part of the criminal law. For example, in some provisions responsibility for creation a situation that causes harm to legally protected interests as a result of violations of certain safety regulations is established. Meanwhile these situations have no relation to the issue under consideration, in spite of the fact that they are considered to be similar in the theory of criminal law and in practice.The author comes to the conclusion on the criteria of the concept “reasonable risk” law practice.

The article shows strategic management peculiarities of municipalities’ social and economic development. The author conducts a research considering main approaches and methods used in municipalities’ strategic and operational management. The leading role of program and target method is noted. It allows allocating priority management tasks and available resources rationally distribution. This method also allows organizing appropriate expenditures effective control system under adopted program with an operational program adjustment possibility under unpredictable changing conditions. Specific features of external and internal environment municipalities’ analysis are described in details. Key evaluation parameters are stated. Program and target planning operating system shortcomings at municipal level are revealed and their elimination system is offered. Management system enhancement priority directions of municipality social and economic development are designated. Criteria indicator system for municipal target program comprehensive efficiency evaluation is developed.

Approach to investment potential use as a key indicator for cities stability development in territorial, social and economic aspect is offered. Nowadays both Russian and foreign scientists formulate a set of sustainable development determinations. Transition concepts and strategy to sustainable development of separate territories are created. Sustainable territories’ development evaluation criteria and indicators are developed. But despite high relevance and rather deep study still there is no uniformed sustainable development concept for the world community. Sustainable development is mainly described in relation to regional systems while cities are practically not studied. Sustainable country development is impossible without sustainable territorial units’ development. At the same time, cities are growth points both in regional system and at federal level. City control directed to sustainable development achievement shall be exercised taking into account all available city benefits and opportunities. City "strengths" studying is possible through city potential system. In this system it is possible to allocate such components as, for example, investment, labor, consumer, social, economic and other potential types. Such types reflect cities functioning and development specifics as territory social and economic systems. Relation analysis between them will give the chance to evaluate made management decisions in city management, in particular rational layout and sustainable social and economic development. As city potential system is diverse, its studying allows adjusting the made decisions practically in any area.

This article shows temporary ranks forecasting techniques analysis and process complexity reasons. It is done on the example of key resource and productive indicators of Kursk region agricultural industry. This example shows how to turn regression temporary row model into adaptive model. Aggregated forecasts feasibility with one year anticipation period is studied. For research purposes cost indicators are not used. Temporary row length is limited to 2000-2014 periods. Resource and productive condition forecast of Kursk region agricultural industry for 2015 is executed. Forecast values are compared with actually reached. The choice of regression models is carried out taking into account time series analysis. Regression models are checked for adequacy. Reliability assessment of the developed forecast is given. Application possibilities of dot and interval forecasts are shown. Formal and forecast extrapolation differences are described. The most often found forecasting errors on temporary ranks through specific examples are analyzed. Structure dynamic ranks analysis for indicators with high oscillation is made, autocorrelation coefficients are calculated. Stationary dynamic series forecasting possibilities are shown. Forecasting possibility of complex indicators through functional dependence on first order factors is described. Transition feasibility from forecasting on long temporary lines to forecasting on short temporary ranks in case of their turn is proved. Adaptive modeling possibilities on dynamic ranks without pronounced trend are shown. In particular, exponential smoothing method is applied. Application of aggregated forecast possibility for increase purpose in their reliability is proved. Conclusion about quantitative complex feasibility use and research high-quality methods in the course of forecasting on temporary ranks is done. Developed economic technique value of one-dimensional forecasting method adaptability increase is proved.

Economic problems associated with defining the nature of "production infrastructure", "social infrastructure" and the role in the reproduction process were considered minor last years. However, they have been widely recognized as deserving prior attention recently. The relevance and appropriateness of these developments are quite obvious, as this fact does not only ensure the formation of science-based theoretical concepts in the field of industrial and social infrastructure, but also allows us to solve the issues of professional nature more consistently. The purpose of this article is to study the economic nature, functions and role of industrial and social infrastructure in improving the life quality of population and efficiency growth of social production. In the article special attention is paid to the study of industrial and social infrastructure. The authors of the article emphasize that the production infrastructure, defining " landscaping level ", is a combination of logistical systems supporting the operation of social infrastructure branches and the movement of goods and resources in the process of industrial and agricultural production. Social infrastructure, which "...depends on young professionals, social tension in society", should be understood as the material and technical basis, designed to provide the following functions: distribution and exchange of material goods; consumer services; public health; the formation of social consciousness and the development of philosophy. This article aims to study the methodology of priority directions in the infrastructure region development, as well as the theoretical justification of target comprehensive programs in the implementation process.

One of the main conditions of Russian economy development and economic growth is revitalization of investment activity, investment increase and their efficient use. The article describes the main components of investment attractiveness: investment potential of the region and regional investment risks. It was carried out the rating of investment attractiveness of Central Black Soil Regions: Kursk, Voronezh, Bryansk, Lipetsk and Belgorod regions. According to the analysis the most attractive region is Belgorod (1st place among Central Black Soil Regions and 17th place in Russia). Followed by a general evaluation of investment attractiveness of Central Black Soil regions and Kursk region; Belgorod region is the investment potential leader (17th place in Russia); Lipetsk and Tambov regions are the best in terms of investment risk (2nd and 3d places in Russia respectively). Kursk region ( 2014-2015) is in the group of "Low potential - Minimal risk" and is in 8th place out of 84 due to the rating of investment climate. The evaluation of investment attractiveness in Kursk region shows that the infrastructure is the best component of investment potential in Kursk region (the 10th place in Russia); the worst position the region occupies in relation to tourism potential (65th place in Russia); the share of Kursk region in Russia's potential in 2015 is 0,911%. As a result of the overall risk it is determined that Kursk has no indicators of high investment risk. Overall, Kursk region is among the regions where the situation is stable.

In modern conditions is extremely urgent question of finding the best mechanisms for implementing modernization strategies, restructuring of the economy, the choice of our country's further economic development priorities. In this regard, it is increasing the need for scientific and theoretical understanding of the historical experience in the development and implementation of public policy. Priorities of the government's economic policies are constantly changing. The authors identified five stages of its post-Soviet development. In the first phase (1991-1992) observed the liberalization of government regulation. Liberalization shock wore character. Economic policy was not wearing a systemic nature. It was spontaneous, it was designed to solve specific problems related to the systemic transformation of the economy. In the second phase (1993-1995) marked the formation of the elements of the market infrastructure, has been weakened by inflation, export of hydrocarbons has become the main source of replenishment of the budget. The third stage (1995-1998) was marked by the choice of the vector of economic development aimed at the resumption of economic growth. The fourth stage (1999-2004) is characterized by the growth of production, caused by "post-default rebound." There was an incentive to the substitution of imported goods im products of domestic origin. The growth of production in Russia contributed to the rise in world prices for hydrocarbons. Beginning of economic growth, which has increased the investment attractiveness of Russia in the world. In the fifth stage (2005-2008) the state's economic policy was to ensure the implementation of economic reforms and systemic transformation of socio-economic system of the country. Sixth stage (2009 - present) should ensure the implementation of anti-crisis measures, the priorities of which were made by the fulfillment of social obligations, modernization of industry, innovation and the creation of an efficient financial system. The aggravation of the military-political and economic situation in the world arena, the introduction of sanctions against our country seriously raised the question of the need to implement the concept of import substitution. This requires a new approach to economic policy.The paper based on the analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the peculiarities of the state economic policy, identifies possible directions of its realization in Russia in the medium and long term.