Today the demand for high-strength metal materials to be used in critical structural elements and facilities that operate under variable temperature and stress conditions is steadily growing economic and engineering tendency. However increased strength features of a metal are opposed by its reduced plasticity so the metal often becomes unfit for large plastic straining. In this case solid body brittle failure starts and this process is quite often of random character, which may result in big financial loss and human injuries. Available literature contains little information on delayed failure issues in principle, however, many research findings demonstrate that the decisive role in this process belongs to hydrogen that interacts with different types of micro-defects in the matrice. In order to understand why a more easy propagation of dislocations from the crack tip down results in embrittlement it is necessary to study the crack growth pattern in inert media for plastic materials. Common features of different hydrogen embrittlement processes make it possible to conclude that a solid theory should be based on consolidated concepts of hydrogen-induced failures with taking into account the synergism of metal-hydrogen systems, i.e. the change in embrittlement mechanism in the process of the material structural self-organization at different structure-scale levels. Here a very important issue is to investigate the response of the material fine structure (structural relaxation) to the influence of a hydrogen medium under various straining temperature and speed conditions. Such investigation should be conducted with the help of electronic microscopes by applying acoustical emission and inner friction methods. Thanks to them it is possible to study the auto-wave nature of metal plastic deformation and to identify the most typical sustainable dissipative structures that emerge during the material self-organizing under combined impact of tensile stress and corrosive media.

The development of modern engineering requires improvement of quality, reliability and durability of parts, assemblies and mechanisms. One of the efficient ways to solve these problems is to applyf functional coatings obtained by the method of electric-spark alloying (ESA). Main electrode materials are mostly sintered hard alloys, which cost due to expensive tungsten in them is relatively high. To solve this problem, a VK8 (90%) hard alloy powder (as a main part) and 10% of high speed steel powder, Gr. R6M5 are proposed to be used as an electrode material. One of the promising methods to produce powders from almost any conductive material, including hard alloy and high speed steel wastes, is the method of electroerosion dispersion (EED), characterized by relatively low energy costs and an environmentally friendly process. The aim of this work is to perform a microanalysis of a steel 30KHGSA section substrate and electrospark coating obtained by electrospark alloying by UR-121 using electrodes of a mixture of electroerosion powders VK8 (90%)+R6M5 (10%), obtained by electroerosion dispersion of hard alloy and high speed steel wastes in illuminating kerosene. To obtain a micro and nano powder of hard alloy and high speed steel wastes a unit for electric erosion dispersing of conductive materials was used. Microanalysis was performed by means of an inverted optical microscope OLYMPUS GX51. The microanalysis allowed us to determine the shape and size of individual grains and their relative positions to identify the presence of inclusions and microdefects and to judge on the properties of the substrate (30KHGSA) and the coating (VK8+R6M5).

Mechanochemical and SHS methods are up-and-coming ways to produce finely dispersed boron carbide nano powder. With optimal process conditions the synthesized phases have ultra dispersed state with well-developed surfaces of the boundaries of grains and subgrains that have either a nano or microcrystalline structure, and that ensures its higher density after vibrocompaction treatment, which in its turn can result in a reduced burn-out rate and a slow-down absorption activity under the influence of neutron irradiation. The products of mechanochemical synthesis and SHS have specified composition and specific structural state and are related with fast solid-phase reactions. The presented research dealt with boron carbide powders that had been produced by mechanochemical or SHS methods, as well as by carbon char or amorphous boron reduction, or the reduction of boron carbide that had been produced by SPS sintering. The purpose of the research was to determine the most optimal SPS sintering modes and to investigate the structure and properties of the sintered boron carbide workpieces made from the powders produced by the above mentioned methods. Source materials for boron carbide synthesis by mechanochemical method or carbon reduction with subsequent crushing and grinding, as well as for SHS treatment were carbon char of PM-15 grade and amorphous boron of A grade taken in stoichiometric composition. SPS sintering of boron carbon powders produced as above mentioned took place at Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) - Labox 650 plant in graphite dies of 15 mm in diameter in vacuum under 25… 50 MPa pressure. The study of В4С powder workpieces that had been produced by mechanical synthesis, SHS or carbon reduction or SPS sintering of carbon char and amorphous boron mixture, yielded the most efficient modes of SPS sintering for each powder under research. The highest relative density was observed with SPS sintering of В4С powders produced by mechanosynthesis or SHS.

The current situation in housing maintenance and utilities sector of Russia has been reviewed. The current state and dynamics of the development of real estate managing companies have been analyzed to identify drawbacks in planning and executing works to provide preservation of real estate items. On the basis of the analysis the conclusion about the necessity to reform the entire system of organization, maintenance and management of residential property has been made and the main areas of research, that is improvement of the methods of planning and optimal administrative decision taking in order to improve the economic efficiency of their activities has been defined. Using the analysis outcome a number of organizational patterns taking into account the character of the development of activities in different organizational-technological situations ensuring preservation of real estate items have been identified. According to the analysis results the influence of changes in specialized team size on the use of their labour potential for different activities providing real estate items replacement has been estimated The presented in the paper analysis of the organizational patterns of change in the level of workers’ labor potential use has allowed us to establish the fact that the most common way to achieve the required level of performance for maintenance, sanitary maintenance and current repair of housing is obtained changing the team size in the process of distribution. The obtained dependences allow us to define two zones of team concentration: the zone of effective change in teams sizes and the zone of inefficient concentration changes. Based on these dependencies, economic-mathematical models have been built; they allow us to establish the fluctuations of the boundaries of these zones, depending on the characteristics of work execution, which will enable managing companies using the data of the research to improve the quality of organization and management of works on real estate replacement. .

The existing methods for natural gas dehydration both in fields and at compressor stations cannot always provide standatdized values of natural gas dehydration. The analysis of operation of gas distribution systems shows that dehydration units are improperly placed and are often installed out of condensation and freezing zones. This is due to the lack of consideration of phase transitions impact in gas throttling on its temperature condition. Due to insufficient natural gas dehydration, crystalline hydrates can be formed on wellbores, distribution lines and main gas pipelines and at its reduction, disturbing the operation of the equipment of compressor stations, gas distribution stations, deranging instrumentation and automation. The issues of reliability of gas pipeline systems considering the formation of crystalline hydrate plugs in pipelines have been studied. The analysis of the methods and devices preventing hydrates formation and eliminating existing crystalline hydrate plugs has shown that to provide normalized parameters of the transported gas it is necessary to perform additional water vapor, condensate drops and crystalline hydrate particles removal from natural gas at gas distribution stations during winter months. Currently applied methods used to deal with crystalline hydrate plugs in main gas pipelines require significant expenses and do not effectively ensure the reliability of pipelines operation. An energy-efficient design of an integrated treatment unit which provides an additional natural gas treatment at GDS, increases the reliability of gas pipelines protection against hydrate blockage and improves the efficiency of gas supply systems as a whole have been proposed at the Department of Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation of the SWSU.

Main functions and characteristics of students’ knowledge testing are described in the article. Choice of one or several correct answers from offered answers is basis of such testing. It is noted that this testing doesn't fully estimate students’ ability to state logically their thoughts, to form valid conclusions, to make other creative actions. This testing can't be fully objective control of knowledge. It is offered to test students in the form of essay in native language. It is done to increase knowledge control objectivity and to use infological approach for correctness assessment. This approach shows semantic contents revealing and degree of reference anthology. It is possible to do on the basis of automated accounting of contacts between words and/or phrases in the text. Assessment algorithm of students’ answers is offered. The assessment shows terminological and semantic similarity coefficients of students’ answer. Dictionary entry or other text materials (lecture) can be used as corpus. Results of pilot study are given (66 responses on studied disciplines). Disciplines are "Networks and mobile telecommunication systems", "Information theory bases", "Networks and cellular systems". Mathematical processing of results shows low correlative coupling between an assessment of student´s response by the teacher and indices of terminological and semantic compliance. This is explained by existence of grammatical errors and brevity of students’ responses. Main directions of further theoretical and experimental researches using infological technologies implementation when testing students’ knowledge are defined.

This paper analyzes the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation, which is 1 January 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of the entry into force. Draws attention to a number of problems associated with the many changes made to the text of the Law. There is a significant difference between a modern edition of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation of the sample 2016 from the Criminal code of the Russian Federation at the time of its adoption in 1996. Indicates the number of egregious errors and omissions of the legislator in constructing the norms, not all of which today are corrected. It is stated that hitherto the criminal code of the Russian Federation in full is not entered into force. In particular, not put into effect the provisions of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation on the punishment in the form of arrest, despite the expiry of the deadline of entry (2006). Thus it is proved that stipulated by the legislator in the Criminal-Executive code of the Russian Federation of conditions of serving of arrest for much stricter than the conditions of detention of the convict in jail, which violates the principle of fairness criminal law. The authors emphasize that the economic factor in justifying the imposition of arrest generally not taken into account. In this connection, the conclusion about the need to exclude these norms of the current legislation. It is noted that a similar situation exists with the new punishment in the form of forced labor. The paper argues that the inability of the purpose of forced labor may result in adverse legal consequences for the persons serving compulsory work, corrective labour and restriction of freedom in case of malicious evasion from serving of the latter. The authors note, requires a final decision and issue the death penalty.

Article shows judicial and investigative practice materials analysis. There is also analysis of researches conducted by other authors concerning characteristics of criminal identity committed crimes in arms trafficking. It is specified that cruelty, ruthlessness, negative attitude to society social values are characteristic of this specified category. In our opinion, these people can also have hidden expression. From psychological point of view there is no explanation of desire to possess objects that are withdrawn from civil circulation and intended for infliction of human harm to health and life. It is noted that presence of specified objects is a powerful determinant of its use, even if a person is not going to use these objects. In particular this fact quite often leads to different accidents. Social and demographic facts (sex, age, nationality, occupation, educational level, marital status), criminal and legal facts (criminal record) are analyzed. These characteristics are of people committed crimes in arms trafficking. Specified features of persons are stated at the present stage. Motivation of persons making such type of crimes is analyzed. It is stated that motivations of these crimes are self-interest; household motives (use for hunting, entertainments, etc.), acquisition for self-defense, indifference concerning current legislation requirements, etc. People's typology is analyzed according to the following factors: sociological and legal designation, criminal motivation prevailing, degree and firmness of personal deformation, health, antisocial orientation and valuable orientations, personality social orientation.

This article presents the concept of the administrative and legal transformation of constitutional order, security and Russia's well-being protective management. The author reveals the idea of protective management as an integrated system of measures, taken by the Russian Federation legislation, used to ensure the adequate implementation of subjective rights. Special attention is paid to a comparative analysis of such legal concepts as "administrative and legal security" and "administrative and legal protection" of the constitutional order, security and Russia's well-being. Noting the fact that these concepts can be united by common objects, objectives and the administrative-legal protection regime, the author points out that the methods for achieving them are deifferent and they do not coincide at all. Based on the research results, the following objectives of the administrative and legal transformation of protective management are highlighted: the Russian statehood preservation as a single territorial integrity of the state, ensuring the national democratic system stability, preserving civil-society institutions, human and civil rights and freedoms, and especially preventing threats to economic crises. With the help of linguistic analysis, the legal category "administrative and legal support" is revealed. And in this context, it is logical to conclude that the concept of "administrative legal protection" can be viewed from several positions: both as a combination of different means and conditions aimed to carry out certain tasks of vital functions of the functional system and as the process of creating and providing these means and conditions At the same time, it is clarified that the content of administrative and legal protection of the constitutional order, security and Russia's well-being is not limited to legal norms and lawmaking. The author points out that the concept of "administrative legal protection" differs from the term "legal system", and also compares it with the categories "lawmaking", "legal regulation" and "legal means". To sum it up, the author concludes that the administrative and legal transformation of the constitutional system, security and Russia's well-being protective management acts as a set of standards and legal activities of authorized entities.

A counsel at law has broad advocacy authority to use specialized knowledge in criminal proceedings, which is one of the hallmarks of the adversarial process, in which the officials conducting criminal proceedings are confronted by a defense endowed with all legal arrangements to adjudicate the rights and legitimate interests of the suspected offenders and accused. The paper discusses procedural and non-procedural possibilities for a counsel at law to use the special knowledge in criminal proceedings through forensic expertise and the involvement of a specialist in that field. The author explains why activities of the counsel at law and of these two specialists in criminal cases are inextricably linked and mutually refer to each other. A counsel at law realizes his rights to participate in forensic expertise asking a specialist for help when appointing a forensic expertise, analyzing the expert's conclusion, applying for an additional or repeated expertise and summoning an expert to give evidence. Violation of the counsel at law rights in the process of the forensic expertise may be grounds for the recognition of the evidence inadmissible and cancel the procedural decision. The authors analyze a legal regulation of the counsel’s at law procedural possibilities on participating in a forensic expertise and on involving a specialist, taking into account changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure, introduced by Federal Law No. 73-FZ of April 17, 2017. The authors also summarize the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on problem issues arising in the process of implementation by the counsel’s at law rights granted by law. The article reveals ambiguity of the existing law enforcement practice and contradictory positions worked out by the highest judicial instances.

The paper discusses formation and development of criminal legislation on the subject and subjective signs of the crime in the countries of medieval Europe within the comparative jurisprudence. The authors note that the level of culture and statehood in any society and its government bodies as a whole depends on the attitude of the society and the state to those who committed unlawful, criminally punishable acts. On the materials of criminal law in the Ancient World and the Middle Ages (Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, etc.) a strict liability was in law-enforcement practice. New states were formed during the Middle Ages. That led to the need of strengthening their authority of state power and statehood. Consequently, the state got the right to protect the interests of the individual and society, and the right to creation a new criminal legislation and its institutions. The church survived after liquidation of many public and state institutions. On the one hand, it contributed to the preservation of scientific achievements of the Ancient World. On the other hand, the church deprived science of free critical attitude to the issues under study. Philosophy and jurisprudence were based on theology. Criminal-legal institutions could be developed only in the direction, which had been approved by the church. Clearly, the idea of protecting the rights of the individual, strict liability and conditions of sanity could not be widely applied. As soon as the states were originated, strict liability was necessary to stop the blood feud and delegation of the judiciary from the society to the state. The obtained knowledge about the world and deeper understanding of the causality of what is happening facilitated the process. From the political point of view, theology (a Christian doctrine) influenced the criminal law policy in Medieval Time. The legislator regulated a range of subjects of the crime. In X - XI centuries, ancient ideas of strict liability were accepted in Europe. Crimes were divided into willful and not deliberate. The principle of the personal guilty is directly related to the subject of the crime. Murderers, rapists, thieves, swindlers and others were declared criminals. Judicial practice of many times and peoples gives us numerous examples confirming the existence of views on the animal as a subject of crime. Age limits of legal responsibility were defined as the minority, which is different from the social maturity, and sometimes old age, were considered the reason for the undisputed crime blamed of a crime to a subject. People under 14 years old could not be subjected to the death penalty, except when "malice can make up for the lack of age". The authors pay attention to the fact that the interests of healthy individuals guided medieval jurisprudence and medicine. They also regulated peculiarities of the healthy individuals’ legal capacity, presence of dementia and mental illnesses, etc. The mitigation of punishment in some cases when the fault of the subject of the crime was absent, fixing the criminal-legal significance of the motive of the crime, intent and some other subjective features in the legislation were a progress. Studies of the Medieval European States shows that the legislator at that time did not formulate general signs of the subject of the crime and did not know the criminal legal concept of strict liability. However, there was a need to solve the problem. Thus, the paper discusses the essence of the criminal legal significance of the сorpus delicti, its place in the criminal law and law enforcement practiceю. The authors used scientific literature of both foreign and Russian

Relevance of basic and exclusive knowledge and abilities of company research making is confirmed by the fact that elements of organization competence are changed in each period of company strategic management development. Understanding of what is basic for strategy creation in company management is very important. In particular, what organizational knowledge and abilities are basic for competence forming and what are unique for project implementation. Now an important part in control policy is assigned to corporate models of competence. In some companies profiles of competences are used as application-oriented instruments of specific HR functions (for example, for performance appraisal or formation of an administrative reserve); in others - registered competence systems are key systems in staff operation. Use of competences in personnel assessment is widely used. Project management is getting more and more popular. Increasing number of companies implement project activities for different tasks. A key to project success to a large extent is competent use of appropriate tools and methods, knowledge, processes and skills. Relevance of research is caused by the fact that project management is management of a team, resources of the project with the help of special methods for goal achievement with efficiency set at set restrictions on time, means and quality of end results. Research objective is analysis of theoretical provisions of formation, management and development of key competences in design management of organization. Theoretical and empirical methods are used: literature review, logical and system analysis, comparative analysis of approaches to formation, management and development of key competences in design management of organization. As a result of this research it is stated that formation, management and development of key competences in design management of organization allow providing effective project introduction and implementation.

The article is dealt with economic and social development of the regions on the basis of progressive structural shifts in sectoral, spatial and functional systems, restoration and strengthening of effective cooperation of regions, reduction of inter-regional disproportions, sustainable use of economic potential of each region and improvement of legal and institutional base of regional policy. It is noted that indicators of economic activity of various regions indicate a deep structural imbalance in the system of national economy; There is a significant differentiation between regions in terms of the gross regional product structure, differentiation according to the results of industrial activity, differentiation of territories according to the level of social and economic development and living standards of the population and disproportion in the budget provision of the subjects of the Russian Federation. We consider different approaches to the evaluation of interregional differentiation here. When examining the differences between the regional economies, it is proposed to use a comprehensive approach that allows us to assess not only the differentiation in different directions of the social and economic state of the territories but also the structure of these differences. It is proposed the estimation technique including: definition of the optimal set of indicators reflecting the main aspects of economic and social development of the regions (industrial, innovative, social and labor components); the choice of statistical characteristics on the basis of which the assessment will be made; identification of differences between regions in the above areas; analysis of the significance of the differences using the Ryabtsev index and identification of factors for smoothing differentiation in each of the regions. We propose to use the range of interregional asymmetry, the variation of regions and the coefficient of regional asymmetry as the coefficients for assessing interregional differentiation. It is proposed to carry out an analysis of the materiality of interregional differences using the Ryabtsev index. It is completed an estimation of interregional differentiation between the regions of the Central Federal District by the index "Index of industrial production by subjects of the Russian Federation". It is performed the analysis of the materiality of inter-regional differences in the indicator "The share of innovative goods, works, services in the total volume of shipped goods, performed works, services" between the Kursk region and the subjects of the Central Federal District. It was noted that dynamics is observed to reduce interregional asymmetry, gradual smoothing of differentiation between the regions of the Central Federal District occurs.

In modern economic conditions the activity of each economic entity is the subject of attention of a wide range of market participants interested in the results of its functioning. In order to ensure the survival of the company in modern conditions, management personnel must, first of all, be able to assess the financial condition of their enterprise and existing potential competitors really. Financial condition is the most important characteristic of the economic activity of an enterprise, which determines competitiveness, potential in business cooperation, assesses to what extent the economic interests of the enterprise and its partners are financially and economically viable. One of the most important indicators of the company's well-being on the market is its financial state. It reflects the final results of its activity which is the most important characteristic of its business activity and gives a description of financial competitiveness, solvency, creditworthiness, information on the fulfillment of obligations to the state and business partners. The main purpose of the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise is the timely identification and elimination of deficiencies in financial activities and the search for reserves to improve the financial condition of the enterprise and its solvency. Timely and qualitative analysis of the financial condition ensures the effective formation and use of monetary resources to create optimal conditions for the implementation of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. In this article we consider measures to improve the financial condition of OOO Oktyabrskaya Agrofirm. Oktyabrskaya AF LLC needs to increase revenues from the sale of the most profitable types of products, to intensify production through the renewal of the machine and tractor fleet, and to expand the distribution channels for the main crop production in order to increase the efficiency of its financial and economic activities. The enterprise can reduce the cost of production by rational use of material resources, reducing the material consumption of products and revising the consumption rates in the main areas of costs. To determine ways to increase the efficiency of financial and economic activities of LLC Oktyabrskaya, it is necessary to conduct a correlation-regression analysis of the profitability of the assets of the enterprise and the factors that affect it. So you need to calculate the return on assets, the profitability of sales and asset turnover based on the financial statements of OOO Oktyabrskaya.

The construction market is a complex form of organization of economic interrelations between investors, designers, builders, suppliers and ultimate owners. The market for construction products and services in its interrelations is largely a self-regulating system in spite of a large number of various construction industry enterprises operating under conditions of some uncertainty and risk, The manifestation of this property is ensured by competitive pricing, initiative and independence of the enterprises of the construction industry, state regulation of certain areas, a single legal framework for market relations and construction legislation, similar goals and tasks to be solved. It makes the construction industry enterprises fairly open, based on a realistic analysis of the external and internal environment, and in its turn requires the identification of effective methods that can increase one of the most significant criteria for their activities - the productivity of enterprises, and can justify the relevance of management decisions . The level of enterprise productivity of the construction industry is characterized by the ratio of the volume of output and the cost of working time. The pace of its development, the increase in the wages of employees ,the profit of the enterprise and the size of the decrease in the cost of production depend on the level of enterprise productivity . The goal of developing methods and systems for increasing productivity is to identify opportunities for further increase in output, more efficient use of labor resources and working time. It is necessary that every employee knows exactly in which cases and at what size he is entitled to receive a premium to improve the utilization of labor resources and increase the productivity of the enterprise. Employee bonuses are developed on the basis of the achieved results of their activities and the enterprise as a whole.

Today's world economy is cyclical. Economic growth are followed by recessions or crises, caused by both negative phenomena in the economy, and various political solutions affecting the economic sector. The sanctions on Russia and decline in the world energy prices have caused a cut in budget funding and falls in foreign exchange earnings. Such negative changes in macroeconomic indicators have led to an increase in inflation, a reduction in lending operations, a decrease in real incomes of the population, an increase in the cost of imported equipment and components for domestic enterprises. Opposition to these negative phenomena can be reached by implementing indirect instruments of monetary policy efficiently. In today's difficult economic conditions, national development and recovery in the Russian economy recession directly depend on monetary policy. The challenges posed by the external environment require the rules and procedures improvements of monetary policy development and implementation in Russia and bringing them in line with the current development of world economic processes, the changing role of the domestic economy in the world and the domestic economic situation in the country. At the present stage, the main task of monetary policy is to ensure conditions for increasing business activity, reducing inflation and maintaining balance-of-payments, ensuring national macroeconomic balance. The sensitivity of the Russian economy to external influence manifested itself not only in the economic recession, but also in the reduction of GDP growth rates when there were good world commodity markets. Therefore, the further development of the Russian economy will depend on on the rapidity with which the economy can be reoriented to an investment-innovative growth model. To achieve the set goals, it is necessary to make a fundamental difference in the effectiveness of management and the level of responsibility for the management decisions made. It is extremely necessary to resuscitate the domestic production of the means of production, taking into account the most advanced technologies. The means of production must become competitive tahnks to the national scientific rearch. This should further contribute to the renewal of key productive assets and the reduction of dependence on restrictive measures with respect to access to advanced foreign technologies. The country will never become one of the top world economies unless it develops its science, its technologies and ensures national production with their achievements. Naturally, under capitalism only the owner of production decides how to organize his production process, but the state has indirect levers of influence on its decisions. The effectiveness of the measures developed depends to a large extent on the overall strategy of macroeconomic policy, the prospects for overcoming the sanctions restrictions in the economy. If a positive indicator is achieved, such as a structural shift in Russian exports from raw materials and energy in favor of the final product, and in the future science-intensive products and technologies, the priority objectives of monetary policy should be adjusted.