Protective coating of steel structures from cryogenic effects based on cement slabs

Purpose of research. The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an energy carrier is expanding annually. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the regulatory requirements for the structure protection from the cryogenic liquid spill such as LNG. The article also evaluates the ability of fireprotective materials to resist not only hightemperature influences, but also low-temperature ones.

Methods. The article discusses the main methods of material testings to counteract the cryogenic liquid spill and the possibility of using fireprotective products as cryoprotective materials. The results of testing the protective system manufactured by LLC "PROSASK" are shown and analyzed. The object of the study is a fire-retardant structural system consisting of "PROSASK Fire Panel" plates. The protective system consists of two layers of flame-retardant plates "PROSASK Fire Panel" with a non-flammable membrane " in the middle, manufactured by LLC "PROSASK". And the subject of the research is the cryoprotective function of this system.

Results. The average temperature of the sample after 60 minutes cryogenic exposure was - 53 °C, conclusions were drawn about the expediency of conducting successive tests for low-temperature and fire exposure due to the high probability of fire after the cryogenic liquid spill in the presence of a flame source.

Conclusion. The article shows and analyzes the test results of the protective system manufactured by LLC "PROSASK". With the correct choice of steel grade (including the requirement for impact strength) of load-bearing structures of oil and gas facilities, it can be concluded that structures protected by a structural fire protection system with PROSASK Firepanel plates are operable after an hour of cryogenic exposure.

1. LNG production in Russia should grow 4 times by 2035(In Russ). Available at: https://www.vedomosti.ru/industry/energy_future/articles/2023/09/11/994392-proizvodstvo-spgv-rossii-dolzhno-virasti (accessed: 14.04.2024).

2. Mojarad A.A.S., Atashbari V., Tantau A. Challenges for Sustainable Development Strategies in Oil and Gas Industries. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Business Excellence 2018. Bucharest; 2018. P. 626-638. https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-20180056.

3. Yoshinori Hiroya, Masayuki Tanabe, Shunji Kataoka, Yoshinori Yamada, Tomonori Miyashita. Optimization of Cryogenic Spill Protection Insulation Thickness. An International Research Journal. Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2016; (48): 643-648.

4. Lervåg K. Y., et al. A combined fluid-dynamic and thermodynamic model to predict the onset of rapid phase transitions in LNG spills. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2021; (69): 104354.

5. Bereznyakov A. A., Kalaushin D. R., Simonov M. Yu. Ed. by Fedorova E.B. Analysis of the use of various heat exchangers in the field of liquefied natural gas. In: Szhizhennyi prirodnyi gaz: problemy i perspektivy. Tezisy dokladov II Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii = Liquefied natural gas: problems and prospects: Abstracts of the II All-Russian Scientific and practical conference.. Moscow: Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University); 2023. P. 88-91. (In Russ). EDN: RUHDQQ.

6. Hiroya Y., Tanabe M., Kataoka S., Yamada Y., Miyashita, T. Simplified Method to Define the Cryogenic Spill Hazard in LNG Liquefaction Facility. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS. 2019; (77): 505-510. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1977085

7. Jo Y.-D., Ahn B.J. Analysis of hazard areas associated with high-pressure natural-gas pipelines. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2002; 15 (3): 179-188.

8. Abdoul Nasser A. H., Ndalila P. D., Mawugbe E. A., Emmanuel Kouame M., Paterne M. A., Li Y. Mitigation of Risks Associated with Gas Pipeline Failure by Using Quantitative Risk Management Approach: a Descriptive Study on Gas Industry. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; (9): 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101098.

9. Mikalsen R.F., Glansberg K., Wormdahl E.D., Stolen R. Jet fires and cryogenic spills: How to document extreme industrial incidents. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Magdeburg Fire and Explosion Days conference proceedings. Magdeburg, Germany, 25–26 March. 2019. P. 1-6.

10. Baalisampang T., et al. Methodology to analyse LNG spill on steel structure in congested marine offshore facility. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2019; (62): 103936.

11. Young-Do Jo, Bum Jong Ahn. A method of quantitative risk assessment for transmission pipeline carrying natural gas. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2005; 123 (1–3): 1-12.

12. Bradley I., Willoughby D., Royle M. A review of the applicability of the jet fire resistance test of passive fire protection materials to a range of release scenarios. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2019; (122): 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.12.004.

13. Delphine M. Laboureur, Nirupama Gopalaswami, Bin Zhang, Yi Liu, M. Sam Mannan, Experimental study on propane jet fire hazards: Assessment of the main geometrical features of horizontal jet flames. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2016; (41): 355-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.02.013.

14. Liu Y., et al. Evaluation and prediction of the safe distance in liquid hydrogen spill accident. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2021; (146): 1–8.

15. Nguyen L. D., Kim M., Chung K. Vaporization of the non-spreading cryogenicliquid pool on the concrete ground. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020; (163): 120464.

16. Nubli H., et al. Structural impact under accidental LNG release on the LNG bunkering ship: Implementation of advanced cryogenic risk analysis. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2024; (186): 329–347.

17. Yu X., et al. Flame characteristics of under-expanded, cryogenic hydrogen jet fire. Combustion and Flame. 2022; (244): 112294.

18. Cryogenic Spill Protection Requirements. Part 1. Fundamentals. Available at: https://www.pfpnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/PFPNet-Fundamentals-of-CryogenicSpill-Protection-Part-1.pdf (accessed: 14.04.2024).

19. Gravit M., Shabunina D., Klementev B. Fire resistance of steel structures with epoxy fire protection under cryogenic exposure. Buildings. 2021; 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110537. EDN: XRCOPQ.

20. Klement'ev B. A., Kalach A. V., Gravit M. V. Comparative analysis of the requirements of Russia and the USA for fire resistance of building structures of oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost' = Fire and explosion safety. 2021; 30(5): 5-22. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.05.5-22. EDN: MNGMRT.

21. Gravit M.V., Shabunina D.E. Plastering compounds as fire protection of steel structures of oil and gas facilities. Pozhary i chrezvychainye situatsii: preduprezhdenie, likvidatsiya = Fires and emergencies: prevention, liquidation. 2022; (3): 46-55 (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.25257/FE.2022.3.46-55.

22. Antonov S. P., Gravit M. V., Nedviga E.S., Fridrih O.A. Fire protection systems of steel structures with cement slabs and a fire barrier under cryogenic and Jet-Fire effects. Pozhary i chrezvychainye situatsii: predotvrashchenie, likvidatsiya = Fires and emergencies: prevention, liquidation. 2024; (2). (In Russ).

23. Garashchenko A.N., Antonov S.P., Vinogradov A.V. Investigation of thermal engineering characteristics and effectiveness of structural fire protection based on cement slabs of the "PROSASK Fire Panel" type when reproducing high-temperature exposure conditions. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost' = Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022; 31 (6): 13-29. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.06.13-29.